How did the plague contribute to microbiology? - rational reasoning, such as foul vapors & imbalances of humors (fluids), from the plague began the birth
... [Show More] of modern science
Who was the first to see microorganisms? How? When? - Anton Leeuwenhoek, with the lens he grinded, 1674
Who developed the germ theory of disease? - Pasteur & Kock
What are the various types of microorganisms? - Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - Prokaryotes - no nucleus or internal membranes Eukaryotes - have nucleus and internal membranes
What are bacteria and archaeans? - Bacteria - domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls Archaeans - domain of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains
What are viruses, viroids, and prions? - Viruses - a submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat Viroids - infectious RNA Prions - an infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acid
How are microorganisms named and classified? - Binomial Naming System
What roles do microorganisms play in the environment, food production, and biotechnology? - Environment - oxygen production via photosynthesis, decomposition Food Production - fermentation and pasteurization, beer, wine, cheese, yogurt, bread Biotechnology - genetic engineering
What impacts have microorganisms had on history? - The Plague, Cortez Conquers the Aztecs (Spaniards brought smallpox over to the new world and killed all of the Aztecs with infection), Civil War (infection)
When was the "Golden Age of Microbiology"? - 1857-1914, 50 year period (mid 1800's to early 1900's)
What questions did scientists attempt to answer? - 1) Does life arise spontaneously? 2) What causes fermentation? 3) What causes disease? 4) How can disease be treated/prevented?
What is the theory of spontaneous generation? - The idea that life could arise from nothing. The idea that toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil; that flies could emerge from manure; and that maggots could arise from decaying corpse.
Who contributed to disproving spontaneous generation? - Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur
What is fermentation? - The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required, the process by which sugar is turned into alcohol
What did Pasteur learn about fermentation? - He found that yeast converts the sugars into alcohol in the absence of air
What was Buchner's contribution? - He repeated Pasteur's experiments and used yeast, discovered enzymes
What were historically thought to be causes of disease? - God's wrath for sin, Satan and evil spirits, foul vapors, and imbalance of fluids
Who developed the germ theory of disease? - Louis Pasteur
What contributions did Koch make to microbiology? - He discovered the cause of anthrax
How did humans begin to combat microorganisms? - Handwashing, general cleanliness, sterile surgery, antibiotics, and vaccines
What roles were played by Lister, Nightingale, Semmelweis, Jenner, and Fleming? - Lister - Germicides and sterile surgery Nightingale - general cleanliness Semmelweis - handwashing Jenner - vaccines Flemming - discovered antibiotics (Penicillin)
What are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic cells? - 1) Typically their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually singular, circularly arranged chromosome 2) Their DNA is not associated with histones (special chromosomal protiens found in eukaryotes); other proteins are associated with DNA 3) They generally lack organelles 4) Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan 5) They usually divide by binary fission, DNA is copied and cells split into two
How small are prokaryotic cells? - 1-10 micrometers
What are the primary shapes and arrangements of prokaryotic cells? - Bacilli - single rod, Vibrio - bent rod, Spirillum - corkscrew shape, Spirochete - spirals which use propeller-like external appendages called flagella to move, Cocci - spherical like berries, Single - one, Strepto - chain, Staphlyo - cluster, Diplo - chain of two
What is a glycocalyx? - Outer covering composed of carbohydrates used for attachment and to avoid white blood cells
What are flagella, fimbriae, and pili? - Flagella - complex protein machine used for motility, Fimbriae - protein structures used for attachment, Pili - hollow protein tube used for material exchange, genetic infromation
What is a cell wall? Why is the cell wall important? - Rigid covering made of peptidoglycan
What is peptidoglycan? Chemical structure? - Polymer of saccharides and amino acids (N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid), only found in bacteria, it is alternating of NAGs and NAMs in an amino acid cross link
How do cell walls of Gram(+) and Gram(-) cells differ? - Gram(+) - thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounding a single membrane, may also contain teichoic acid, stains purple, Gram(-) - thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between and inner and outer membrane, also contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an outer leaflet of an outer membrane, stains pink
How does penicillin work? Lysozyme? - Penicillin - inhibits dehydration synthesis of amino acid crosslinks in peptidoglycan, cell lysis, will not work on Gram(-), cannot penetrate cells Lysozyme - hydrolyzes peptidoglycan, cell lysis
What types of bacteria lack cell walls? - Mycoplasms
What is the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane? - Consists primarily of phospholipids in a bilayer
What roles do proteins play in the membrane? - Transport, structural, receptors, and enzymes
What is a gradient? - An unequal distribution of something
What are the mechanisms of membrane transport? - Simple Diffusion - the movement of a substance from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration, passive Facilitated Diffusion - movement from higher to lower concentration with the "help" of a passive protein, passive Active Transport - movement of a substance from lower to higher concentration, requires energy and a pump made of proteins, used to create gradient to store energy Bulk Transport - moving something big or a smaller things in bulk
What is osmosis? Importance in microbiology? - Diffusion of a solvent (h2o), it allows for [Show Less]