Classical Conditioning: Correct Answer: A learning paradigm studied and practiced in a laboratory or
other controlled environment in which a stimulus
... [Show More] called the unconditioned stimulus (US) which
naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), is paired with a neutral stimulus that does not
initially elicit a response. Through the repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus (now the conditioned
stimulus - CS) begins to elicit the desired response (now the conditioned response - CR).
Coercion (Aversive Control): Correct Answer: From behavioral family therapy, one person uses
aversive stimuli to control the behavior of another.
Coaching Correct Answer: In Bowenian therapy (used by other models as well), the use of an
objective person, such as the therapist, to guide a family member to interact with other members in
new ways and prevent the family from seducing the person back into older, dysfunctional behaviors.
The therapist takes an educative role, rather than an emotional one.
Sibling Position: Correct Answer: Bowen theory incorporates the research of psychologist Walter
Toman as a foundation for its concept of sibling position. Bowen observed the impact of sibling
position on development and behavior in his family research. However, he found Toman's work so
thorough and consistent with his ideas that he incorporated it into his theory. The basic idea is that
people who grow up in the same sibling position predictably have important common characteristics.
For example, oldest children tend to gravitate to leadership positions and youngest children often
prefer to be followers. The characteristics of one position are not "better" than those of another
position, but are complementary. For example, a boss who is an oldest child may work unusually well
with a first assistant who is a youngest child. Youngest children may like to be in charge, but their
leadership style typically differs from an oldest's style. (From the Bowen Center website)
Cognitive Behavior Family Therapy (CBT): Correct Answer: Therapies based on both behavioral
techniques, which grew out of scientific, laboratory experiments, and on the cognitive therapy models.
People learn to modify behaviors both by altering the reinforcement contingencies and/or changing
the cognitions that influence their behaviors and interactions.
Cognitive Maps: Correct Answer: Mental models by which incoming information is perceived,
understood, transformed, and stored, together with a corresponding repertoire of behavioral options.
Maps are based on the integration of experiences. Each part of the cognitive map - i.e., input and
output - forms the individual's internal representation of reality. Cognitive maps shape actions and
communication. They may be flexible, able to change and expand cumulatively with new information
and experiences, or they may be rigid and limiting. Maps have both language and spatial aspects
with a private vocabulary and imagery that determines how incoming communication is interpreted.
Collaborative Language Family Therapy: Correct Answer: From Goolishian and Anderson, a model of
family therapy based on the idea that problems are maintained in the family's language and may be
resolved by changes in their use of language. The therapist asks questions from a not knowing
stance, designed to draw out the client's own views of the problem. The problem is "dissolved" as
new meanings and actions evolve.
Communication Theory: Correct Answer: Originated by the MRI group, the study of the process by
which verbal and non-verbal information is exchanged within a relationship. Communication can be
analogic which has little structure, but is rich in content, or digital which is verbal communication
perceived and interpreted based on meaning. (see various types of communications: Haptic;
Kinesthetic; Paralinguistic; and Streptic).
Contextual Family Therapy: Correct Answer: A theory and therapeutic model developed by
Boszormenyi-Nagy based on the ethical dimension of family relationships. The family maintains
invisible, intergenerational loyalties, which members hold in their personal ledgers. Problems in
relationships are thought to result either from an attempt to maintain or change the balance sheet of
what members owe to one another.
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