biologically based mental illness
A mental disorder caused by neurotransmitter dysfunction, abnormal brain srtructure, inherited genetic factors, or
... [Show More] other biological causes. Also called psychobiological disorder
culture-related syndromes
These are more influenced by culture alone and are not seen in all areas of the world.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
The DSM is the manual that classifies mental disorders and is considered the "bible" for mental health workers (e.g. psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, and others who plan care for people experiencing mental distress/dysfunction)
epidemiology
The quantitative study of the distribution of disorders in a human population
mental disorders
A medical disease that is categorized in the DSM
mental health
successful performance of mental functions, resulting in the ability to engage in productive activities, enjoy fulfilling relationships, and adapt to change and cope with adversity.
mental illness
A medical condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and daily functioning. Can be seen as the result of a chain of events that include flawed biological, psychosocial, social, and cultural processes.
myths and misconceptions
Incorrect thinking about someone's mental health
prevalence rate
The proportion of a population with a mental disorder at a given time.
psychiatry's definition of normal mental health
changes over time and reflects changes in cultural norms, society's expectations and values, professional biases, individual differences, and even the political climate of the time.
psychobiological disorder
A mental disorder caused by neurotransmitter dysfunction, abnormal brain srtructure, inherited genetic factors, or other biological causes. Also called biologically based mental illness
resiliency
The ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune and change. Resiliency is closely related to the process of adapting
stigma/stigmatizing
Stigma ia an attribute that is deeply discrediting where a person is reducedfrom a whole unusual personto a tainted, discounted one. Stigmatizing comes from stereotyping, labeling, separating, status, loss, and discrimination in a context of power imbalance all leading to stigmatization
OBJECTIVE 1 - Assess mental health using the seven signs of mental health identified in this chapter.
Happiness
Control of Behavior
Appraisal of Reality
Effective
in Work
Healthy Self Concept
Satisfying Relationships
Effective Coping
OBJECTIVE 2 - Summarize factors that can affect the mental health of an individual and the ways that these factors influence conducting a holistic nursing assessment.
- Available support systems:
----friends
----family
----community
- Spirituality, religious influences
- family influences
- developmental events
- personality traits and states
- demographic and geographic locations
- Negative influences
----psychosocial stressors
----poverty
----impaired/inadequate parenting
- cultural/subcultural beliefs and values
- heath parctices and beliefs
- hormonal influences
- biological influences
- inherited factors
- environmental experiences
OBJECTIVE 3 - Discuss some dynamic factors (including social climate, politics, cultural beliefs, myths, and biases) that contribute to making a clear-cut definition of mental health elusive.
- Mental illness is plagued by myths and misconceptions.
- No consistent line exists between mental illness and mental health.
- Psychiatry's definition of mental health changes and reflects:
----Changes in cultural norms and society's expectations
----Values and professional biases
----Individual differences and political climate
----Psychology of women
----Issues of homosexuality
- All people:
----Have different backgrounds cultures.
----Grow intellectually and emotionally at different rates.
----Make different decisions at different times.
----Choose to or choose not to evaluate their behaviors.
----Grow within themselves.
----Have or have no spiritual beliefs
OBJECTIVE 4 - Identify the processes leading up to stigmatizing and some of the effects stigma can have on the medical and psychologic well-being of an individual, group, and/or culture.
- Stigma has been acknowledged to be a major barrier to mental health treatment and recovery over the last 13 to14 years.
- Stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals who are mentally ill have harmful effects on the individual and family.
- Stigma is a "collection" of:
----Negative attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors that influence the individual and general public.
- Psychosocial processes that lead to stigmatization include:
----Stereotyping, labeling, separating, and status loss or discrimination in a context of power imbalance, social isolation, and reduced opportunities.
OBJECTIVE 5- Demonstrate how the Diagnostic Statistic Manual (DSM) multiaxial system can influence a clinician to consider a broad range of information before making a DSM diagnosis.
-In the DSM, each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress (e.g., painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom .
NOTE: It is important to stress that a DSM diagnosis classifies a disorder that a person has and not the person. For this reason, the text of the DSM avoids the use of expressions such as a schizophrenic or an alcoholic and instead uses the more accurate expression, an individual with schizophrenia or an individual with alcohol dependence.
OBJECTIVE 6- Compare and contrast a DSM diagnosis with a nursing diagnosis.
- DSM focuses on research and clinical observation when constructing diagnostic categories of a mental disorder.
- DSM is considered the "bible" for mental health workers (e.g., psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists
-North American Nursing Diagnoses Association (NANDA) International describes a nursing diagnosis as a clinical judgment about responses to health problems.
-Psychiatric-mental health nursing includes the diagnosis and treatment responses to mental health problems.
OBJECTIVE 7- Give examples of how the consideration of norms and other cultural influences can affect making an accurate DSM diagnosis.
- The DSM is used to diagnose a psychiatric disorder.
- The DSM includes information specifically related to culture in three areas:
----Discusses cultural variations for each clinical disorder.
----Describes culture-bound syndromes.
----Outline assists clinicians in evaluating and reporting the impact of an individual's cultural context.
True or False. Mental illness is defined in relation to the culture, time in history, political system, and group in which it occurs.
TRUE
What is Axis V of the DSM multiaxial system?
It describes a person's level of functioning.
Q: Why is it important for a nurse to be aware of the multiple factors that can influence an individual's mental health?
The nurse diagnoses and treats human responses, which are influenced by many factors.
Q: Factors that affect a person's mental health are:?
- support systems
- developmental events
- cultural beliefs
Q: Which statement best describes a major difference between a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis and a nursing diagnosis
A: The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis distinguishes a person's psychiatric disorder, wheras a nursing diagnosis offers a framework for identifying interventions for phenomena a patient is experiencing.
5 A's
- Ask a question
- Acquire literature
- Appraise the literature
- Apply the evidence
- Assess the performance
attending
an intensity of presence, being there for and in tune with the patient
caring
involves how we relate to each other, how we show concern for each other in our daily life.
clinical algorithm
step-by-step guidelines prepared in a flowchart format
clinical/critical pathways
serve as a "map" for specified treatments and interventions to occur within a specific time frame, often days.
clinical practice guidelines
systematically developed statements that identify, appraise, and summarize the best evidence about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and other knowledge necessary to make informed decisions about specific health problems
evidence-based practice
The method for using treatment approaches to medical illness and mental health illness that are scientifically grounded or evidence-based. Strives to decrease the gap between research and practice.
nurse-patient partnership
more in line with the emphasis on "relationships" in the recovery model
patient advocate
one who speaks up for another's cause, who helps others by defending and comforting them, especially when the other person lacks the skills, ability, or knowledge to speak up for himself/herself
Psychiatric mental health nursing
a core mental health profession, employing a purposeful use of self as its art and a wide range of nursing, psychosocial, and neurobiological theries and research as its science [Show Less]