Title: Mendelian Genetics - Class 11 Biology Notes
I. Introduction to Mendelian Genetics
Definition and significance of Mendelian genetics in the
... [Show More] study of inheritance.
Overview of Gregor Mendel's contributions to the field.
Basic terminology and key concepts in genetics.
II. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
Mendel's First Law (Law of Segregation): Explains the separation of alleles during gamete formation.
Mendel's Second Law (Law of Independent Assortment): Describes how genes located on different chromosomes segregate independently.
III. Mendel's Experiments
A detailed explanation of Mendel's experiments with pea plants.
Presentation of Punnett squares to illustrate Mendel's principles.
Phenotype and genotype concepts.
IV. Monohybrid Crosses
Analysis of monohybrid crosses and the inheritance of a single trait.
Application of Punnett squares for monohybrid crosses.
Calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
V. Dihybrid Crosses
Analysis of dihybrid crosses and the inheritance of two traits simultaneously.
Application of Punnett squares for dihybrid crosses.
Calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
VI. Test Crosses and Backcrosses
Understanding the concept of test crosses.
The use of test crosses to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.
Backcrosses and their significance in studying inheritance patterns.
VII. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
Explanation of incomplete dominance and its impact on phenotype.
Codominance and the expression of both alleles in heterozygotes.
Examples of traits showing these patterns.
VIII. Multiple Alleles and Polygenic Inheritance
Introduction to multiple alleles and the ABO blood group system.
Polygenic inheritance and the influence of multiple genes on a single trait.
Examples of polygenic traits in humans.
IX. Sex-Linked Inheritance
Understanding sex-linked genes and their inheritance patterns.
X-linked and Y-linked traits.
Examples of sex-linked disorders.
X. Pedigree Analysis
Interpretation of pedigrees to study the inheritance of genetic traits in families.
Recognizing patterns of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked inheritance.
XI. Genetic Disorders
Overview of genetic disorders caused by Mendelian inheritance.
Common examples like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease.
Genetic counseling and prevention of genetic disorders.
XII. Genetic Variation and Evolution
The role of genetic variation in evolution.
Understanding how Mendelian genetics contributes to the diversity of species.
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and its significance. [Show Less]