Med Surg Exam 3 Complete study guide|Galen College of Nursing - NUR 242 MS Exam 3.Chapter 54: Care of Patients with Esophageal Problems, pp.
... [Show More] 1087-1092
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Risk factors include consumption of foods such as caffeine, alcohol, spicy or fried foods,
chocolate, and tomatoes. Lifestyle factors play a big part especially alcohol and smoking.
The nursing assessment should include asking about a history of heartburn or atypical
chest pain associated with the reflux of GI contents. GERD manifest differently
depending on the patient and the severity of the disorder.
Heartburn, dyspepsia, is the most common symptom and may be described as substernal
burning moving up and down the chest. Pain usually develops within 30-60 minutes after
meals. Severe heartburn pain can radiate to the neck, jaw, or back and patients may think
they are having an MI.
GERD symptoms are exacerbated when lying down flat or bending over. Regurgitation
may lead to aspiration or bronchitis. These patients are at risk of aspirating when lying
flat. Symptoms of GERD include coughing or wheezing at night, dysphagia, belching and
nausea, hoarseness, and insomnia. Assess lungs for the presence of crackles.
Chapter 52: Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System, pp. 1092-1095
Hiatal Hernias (diaphragmatic hernias)
A condition where a part of the stomach that normally is in the abdominal cavity
protrudes through the esophageal hiatus to rest within the chest cavity.
Symptoms usually are worse after meals. These symptoms may be made worse when
lying flat and may resolve with sitting up or walking. Patient should immediately report
abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Lifestyle changes may include elevating the head of the bed when sleeping to allow
gravity to prevent acid from refluxing into the esophagus and remaining upright after
meals.
Small frequent meals may help instead of eating two or three larger meals a day. Avoid
vigorous movement after meals.
Some foods that should be avoided include spicy, greasy foods, onions, tomatoes and
citrus fruits, however, most individuals are generally aware of the foods that trigger
heartburn symptoms and avoid them.
Chapter 54, Care of Patients with Esophageal Problems, pp. 1089
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which is also known as an upper endoscopy or
upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure that is performed to view the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (part of the small intestine). In an EGD, the doctor
uses an endoscope, a flexible, tube-like, telescopic instrument with a tiny camera
mounted at its tip, to examine images of the upper digestive tract displayed on a monitor
in the examination room.
Small instruments may also be passed through the tube to treat certain disorders or to
perform biopsies (remove small samples of tissue). [Show Less]