MED SURG DKA VS HHS SUMMARY LATEST EDIT 2024 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. What is DKA? What are the hall- mark character- istics of it?
2. What are the 3
... [Show More] hallmark charac- teristics of DKA?
3. What is absolute deficiency?
4. What is relative deficiency?
5. Which diabetic patient is DKA more common in and often occurs at what age?
6. Which is more common: DKA or HHS?
7. What is the onset of DKA?
8. What are the eti- ologies of DKA? (there is quite a few)
potentially life threatening condition that results from the absolute or relative deficiency in insulin
1. ketosis
2. metabolic acidosis
3. hyperglycemia
= type 1 diabetes
AKA juvenile diabetes; sudden onset
= type 2 DM
individuals who have insulin resistance and/or decrease production (usually later in life)
more common = type 1 diabetes; can happen in type 2 higher risk = < 45
DKA
rapid
-infection, surgery, trauma
-undiagnosed type 1
-changes in diabetic management
-life changes which increase insulin demand (ex. puberty and pregnancy)
-acute pancreatitis
-starvation
-increased alcohol intake
-medications (steroids)
-unknown
9. DKA PATHO GO -COMPLETE ABSENCE OF INSULIN --> body breaks down fats (lipolysis) which produces free fatty acids for energy (acidosis) --> liver is stimulated to make more sug- ar so it starts glycogenolysis (glycogen --> glucose) and gluconeogenesis (non-carbs --> glucose) --> the FFAs get to the liver and are activated by CoA and become acetyl-CoA which converts into a ketone for use as energy
--> ketones start increasing and pH starts decreasing into metabolic acidosis (AKA DKA :P)
10. When the body enters metabol- ic acidosis, what system compen- sates and how?
11. What is Kuss- maul breathing?
12. When someone is in DKA, and begins to break down glucose at rapid rates (not in the nor- mal way) into
the blood serum, what process oc- curs?
13. How does osmot- ic diuresis oc- cur?
respiratory system is stimulated to blow off CO2 with Kussmaul breathing
+ the kidneys also attempt to conserve bicarb for buffering
rapid, deep, labored breathing
*due to metabolic acidosis*
= osmotic diuresis which makes dehydration a major s/s of DKA
1. elevated glucose increases intravascular osmotic pres- sure
2. fluids moves massively from the extravascular space to the intravascular space
3. kidneys respond to increased volume with large volume diuresis (loss of water, glucose, and electrolytes)
+ hyponatremia and hypotension activate RAAS [Show Less]