MCAT KAPLAN 528 Book
EXAM 2023
Neuropsychology - ANS-the study of the connection between the nervous system and
behavior
How many types of neurons in
... [Show More] the nervous system? - ANS-3
sensory neurons (afferent) - ANS-neurons that carry incoming information from the
sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor neurons (efferent neurons) - ANS-neurons that carry outgoing information from
the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Interneurons (association neurons) - ANS-found in neural pathways in the CNS,
connect sensory and motor neurons
Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANS-brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system - ANS-the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS
to the rest of the body
cranial nerves - ANS-12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
spinal nerves - ANS-31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System is Divided into? - ANS-Somatic and autonomic divisions
somatic nervous system - ANS-the division of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body's skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system - ANS-the part of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).
parasympathetic nervous system - ANS-the division of the autonomic nervous system
that calms the body, conserving its energy
sympathetic nervous system - ANS-the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
cerebral hemispheres - ANS-the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of
the brain
Hindbrain contains - ANS-cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
midbrain contains - ANS-inferior and superior colliculi
Forebrain contains the - ANS-thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system,
cerebral cortex
Thalamus is the - ANS-Relay station for sensory information
Hypothalamus function - ANS-homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system
through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus (4 F's) - ANS--Feeding
-Fighting
-Flighting
-(sexual) Functioning
basal ganglia function - ANS-smoothens movements and helps maintain postural
stability
Limbic system is made of? - ANS-Septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
What does the limbic system control? - ANS-emotions and memory
Cerebral cortex is divided into how many lobes? - ANS-4
frontrol lobe of cerebral cortex - ANS-controls executive function, impulse control, long
term planning, motor function, and speech production
parietal lobe of cerebral cortex - ANS-touch, pressure, temperature, pain; spatial
processing, orientation, and manipulation
occipital lobe of cerebral cortex - ANS-visual processing
temporal lobe of cerebral cortex - ANS-sound processing, speech perception, memory,
and emotion
Acetylcholine (ACh) - ANS-A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and
also triggers muscle contraction
epinephrine and norepinephrine - ANS-fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness
dopamine - ANS-A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning
and the brain's pleasure and reward system. Postural stability
Serotonin - ANS-Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
GABA and glycine - ANS-Brain "stabilization" (inhibitory)
Glutamate - ANS-A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
Endorphins - ANS-"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain
control and to pleasure.
How is the nervous system and endocrine system linked? - ANS-Through hypothalamus
and anterior pituitary
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) - ANS-Glucocorticoid (STRESS HORMONE) produced by the
adrenal cortex.
Testoterone/Estrogen - ANS-mediate libido(sex desire) (test also increases aggressive
behavior) Both released by adrenal cortex
What releases epinephrine? - ANS-adrenal medulla
What causes the release of epinephrine? - ANS-Physiological changes associated with
the sympathetic nervous system
Nature vs. Nurture - ANS-name for a controversy in which it is debated whether
genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Family studies (Behavioral Sciences) - ANS-Studies that look at trait frequencies in
Families
Twin Studies (Behavioral Sciences) - ANS-compare concordance rates between
monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins
Adoption Studies (Behavioral Sciences) - ANS-compare similarities between adopted
children and biological as well as adopted parents
Nervous system development through? - ANS-neurulation
neurulation - ANS-Ectoderm folds over creating Neural Tube and is topped with neural
crest cells
Neural Tube fate - ANS-becomes the CNS
Neural Crest cells - ANS--found at the tip of each neural fold
-migrate outward to form the peripheral nervous system
Primitive reflexes - ANS-Automatic reactions that all healthy babies posses but are not
seen in children or adults (served a protective role in earlier times)
Rooting Reflex - ANS-a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the
touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
Moro Reflex - ANS-Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and
cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment (sensation of
falling)
Babinski reflex - ANS-Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the
foot is touched
Grasping reflex - ANS-Reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object
touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand
Sensation - ANS-The conversion or transduction of physical, electromagnetic, auditory,
and other information from the internal and external environment into electrical signals
in the nervous system
Perception - ANS-the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information,
enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Sensory Receptors - ANS-Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to
a particular form of sensory stimulation.
Sensory ganglia - ANS-collections of cell bodies outside the CNS associated with
sensory neurons
Sensory stimuli are transmitted to - ANS-projection areas in the brain, which further
analyze the sensory input
Photoreceptors - ANS-rods and cones
Nocioceptors - ANS-pain receptors
Thermoreceptors - ANS-respond to changes in temperature
Osmoreceptors - ANS-respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)
olfactory receptors - ANS-nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell
taste receptors - ANS-chemical receptors on the tongue that decode molecules of food
or drink to identify them
threshold stimulus - ANS-The minimal strength required to cause a signal transduction
Absolute threshold - ANS-the weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect
half the time
threshold of conscious perception - ANS-minimum of stimulus energy that will create a
signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness
difference threshold (just noticeable difference) - ANS-the minimum difference between
two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
Weber's Law - ANS-jnd for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus
and the proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli.
Cornea - ANS-gathers and filters incoming light
Iris - ANS-2 muscles that open and close eyelids. Divide front of eye into anterior and
posterior chambers
How do you see things? - ANS-Lights is refracted by the lens of ur eye and focuses it on
your retina and is held in place by suspensory ligaments
Suspensory ligaments of eye - ANS-A rings like fibrous membrane connecting the
cilliary body and the kens of the eyes, holding the lens in place
Ciliary Muscle - ANS-muscle that helps focus light on the retina by controlling the
curvature of the lens of the eye
Aqueous humor - ANS-fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior
chamber
Canal of Schlemm - ANS-duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous
humor to the veins and bloodstream
Rods in eyes - ANS-Detect light and dark
Cones in eyes - ANS-come in 3 lengths (Short, med, long) detect color
Retina contains mostly... - ANS-Cones
Macula - ANS-round darker area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the
central visual field
Center of macula - ANS-Fovea
Fovea contains - ANS-cones only
rods and cones synapse with - ANS-bipolar cells
Bipolar cells synapse with - ANS-ganglion cells
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