NSG 101 Lower Respiratory Disorders Notes - Updated
TOPICS:
1. Influenza
2. Bronchiolitis
3. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
4.
... [Show More] Bronchitis
5. Asthma
6. Status asthmaticus
7. Cystic fibrosis
8. Bronchiectasis
9. Pneumonia
10. Atelectasis
11. Pneumothorax
12. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
13. Tuberculosis
Lower respiratory tract consists of:
• Starts at C6 (6th cervical vertebra)
• Trachea
• Primary bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Diaphragm
Serves the function of:
• Pulling air from the upper respiratory tract
• Absorb oxygen
• Release carbon dioxide and exchange
TRACHEA
• Travels inferiorly into the superior
mediastinum
• Bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle
(T4)
• Held open by C0shaped cartilage rings
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
interspersed by goblet cells
• Mucociliary escalator – traps and clears
inhaled particles and pathogens moving
them up out of the airways to be swallowed
and destroyed.
PRIMARY BRONCHI
• Separate the air that goes to the left and
right lung
• Held open by cartilage
• Right main bronchus is wider and shorter
• Descends more vertically
SECONDARY BRONCHI
• Supplies each individual lobe of the lung
TERTIARY BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
• Do not contain cartilage or goblet cells
➢ CONDUCTING
- transport air
- not involved in gas exchange
- anatomical dead space (150 ml)
➢ TERMINAL
- most distal segment of the
conducting zone
➢ RESPIRATORY
-presence of alveoli
ALVEOLI
• Air sacs with thin walls
• Sites of gas exchange in the lungs
• 300 million
• composed of:
➢ Type 1 pneumocytes
o simple squamous
o responsible for gas exchange
➢ Type 2 pneumocytes
o Cuboidal
o Production of surfactant
• Pulmonary surfactant
➢ Mixture of lipids and proteins
➢ Reduce surface tension
➢ Prevent alveoli from collapsing
LUNGS
• Sit on either side of the mediastinum (in the
pleural cavity)
• The pleura is a serous membrane that
covers the lung (visceral) and the inside of
the chest wall (parietal)
➢ allow optimal expansion and
contraction of the lungs
• pleural fluid acts as lubricant
• RIGHT LUNG contains 3 lobes
➢ superior
➢ middle
➢ inferior
• Left lung is slightly smaller to give space to
the heart; contains 2 lobes
➢ Superior lobe
➢ Inferior lobe
• R.A.L.S = “Right Anterior, Left Superior” -
Position of pulmonary artery in relation to
mainstem bronchus
DIAPHRAGM
• Main muscle of inspiration
• Lowers the thoracic floor
• Creates negative pressure gradient
NSG 101 LOWER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS NOTES
2021
DISORDERS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
By: Thaiza Mithel D. Cajigas, MSN (CAR)DENIELLE JUAN
INFLUENZA
▪ Involves inflammation and infection of the
major airways
▪ Most children are ill with the flue for less
than a week
▪ But some children have a more serious
illness and may need to be treated in the
hospital
▪ The flu may also lead to lung infection
(pneumonia) or death.
What causes flu in a child?
▪ Influenza types A and B
➢ These 2 types of viruses cause
widespread illness (epidemics) almost
every winter.
▪ Influenza type C
➢ This type of virus causes a very mild
respiratory illness or no symptoms at
all.
• Most contagious with the flue 24 hours
before symptoms start, continuing while
symptoms are most active
• The risk of infecting others usually stops
around day 7 of the illness.
• A flu virus is often passed from child to child
through sneezing or coughing
• The virus can also live for a short time on
surfaces
• It can also be passed through shared eating
utensils and drinking.
❖ A child is more at risk for flu if he or she:
• Is around people infected with the flue
• Has not had the flu vaccine
• Does not wash his or her hands after
touching infected surfaces.
❖ Symptoms:
• Fever, which may be as high as 103oF
(39.4oC) to 105oF (45.5oC)
Cold symptoms Flu symptoms
Low or no fever High fever
Sometimes a
headache
Headache in most
cases
Stuffy, runny nose Clear nose, or stuffy
nose in some cases
Sneezing Sneezing in some
cases
Mild, hacking cough Cough, often turning
severe
Mild body aches Severe body aches
Mild tiredness Extreme tiredness that
can last weeks
Sore throat Sore throat in some
cases
❖ Treatment
• The goal of treatment is to help prevent or
ease symptoms.
• Acetaminophen – this is to help lessen
body aches and fever. Don’t give aspirin
to a child with fever.
• Cough medicine – This may be
prescribed by your child’s healthcare
provider.
• Antiviral medicine- This may help to
ease symptoms, and shorten the length of
illness. This medicine does not cure the
flue. The medicine must be started within
2 days after symptoms begin
❖ Complications
• Severe breathing problems
• Pneumonia
• Death
❖ The best way to prevent flu is to have the yearly
flu vaccine.
❖ The vaccine is advised for all children 6 months
and older
BRONCHITIS
• Body aches, which may be severe
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Cough that gets worse
• Tiredness
• Runny or stuffy nose
❖ In some cases, your child may also have
symptoms such as:
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
❖ Most children recover from the flu within a
week. But they may still feel very tired for as
long as 3 to 4 weeks.
❖ Its important to note that a cold and the flu
have different symptoms:
▪ Inflammation of the major bronchi and
trachea, affecting preschool and school age
children
❖ Causative Agents
• Acute bronchitis comes on quickly and
can cause severe symptoms, although it
lasts only a few weeks.
• Influenza viruses, adenovirus, and
mycoplasma pneumoniae, among
others
• Chronic bronchitis, while rare in
children, can last for months to yearsmore likely to experience pneumonia.
❖ Characteristics Changes:
• Include hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the
mucus-secreting glands in the bronchi
• Decreased ciliary activity
• Chronic inflammation
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