Kin 339 Exam 2 Study Guide Psychology
Review Test 2023 Update
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Anxiety - ANS-a negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness, and
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apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body
-cognitive
-somatic
State anxiety - ANS-refers to "right now" feelings that change from moment to moment
Trait anxiety - ANS-a personality disposition that is stable over time
*high vs. low-trait anxious people usually have more state anxiety in highly evaluative
situations
How does arousal and anxiety affect performance? - ANS--drive theory
-inverted U hypothesis
-individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF)
-multidimensional anxiety theory
-catastrophe model
-reversal theory
-anxiety direction and intensity
Drive theory - ANS--relationship between arousal and performance = direct and linear
-on well-learned skills, an individual's arousal or state of anxiety increases; so does
performance
*also used as the basis for social facilitation theory
Inverted U hypothesis - ANS-A theory that suggests there is an optimum level of arousal
for an event that will result in the best performance.
Individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) - ANS-Athletes zone of optimal state
anxiety in which their best performance occurs.
1. Low IZOF: best performance occurs in low anxiety
2. Moderate IZOF: best performance occurs in optimal anxiety
3. High IZOF: best performance occurs in high anxiety
Multidimensional anxiety theory - ANS--cognitive anxiety is negatively related to
performance
-somatic anxiety is related to performance in an inverted-U pattern
-there is little support for its predictions
Catastrophe phenomenon - ANS-• predicts that physiological arousal is related to
performance in an inverted-U but only when the athlete is not worried or has low
cognitive state anxiety
• if cognitive anxiety is high, the increases in arousal at some point reach a threshold
just past optimal point and afterward a rapid decline in performance
• physiological arousal can have markedly different effects on performance depending
on the amount of cognitive anxiety one is experiencing
• after the decrease in performance: athlete must completely relax physically, cognitively
restructure by controlling or eliminating worries and regaining confidence and control,
reactivate or rouse himself in a controlled manner to again reach optimal level
• absolute performance is higher under conditions of high cognitive anxiety
• perform better with some worry provided that arousal level isn't too high
• performance deteriorates only under combined high worry plus high arousal
Reversal theory - ANS--how arousal affects performance depends on an individual's
interpretation of his or her arousal level
-arousal can be interpreted as pleasant (excitement) or as unpleasant (anxiety)
*arousal interpreted as pleasant facilitates performance
*arousal interpreted as unpleasant hurts performance
Anxiety direction and intensity - ANS-1. Anxiety-performance relationship
-intensity: how much anxiety one feels
-direction: a person's interpretation of anxiety as facilitating or debilitating to
performance
2. Viewing anxiety as facilitative leads to superior performance
3. State anxiety is perceived as facilitative or debilitative depending on how much
control the person perceives
4. Developing cognitive skills and strategies helps people view anxiety as facilitative
Why does arousal influence performance - ANS--increased muscle tension, fatigue, and
coordination difficulties
-changes in attention, concentration, and visual search:
*narrowing of attentions
*shift to dominant style
*attending to inappropriate cues
*performance worries and situation-irrelevant thoughts
*visual cues are differently identified and processed when performers are anxious
How arousal affect attentional focus - ANS-1. Optimal attentional field = moderate
(optimal) arousal
2. Attentional field too BROAD = low arousal
3. Attentional field too NARROW = high arousal
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