KEY Growth and Development ATI Practice Questions
1.A nurse at an extended care facility is teaching a class of older adults about the expected
... [Show More] physiologic changes of aging. Which of the following facts should the nurse include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.) A. Older adults have more difficulty seeing in low light or glare.
B. Personality changes are common in older adults.
C. Vital capacity of the lungs declines significantly between the ages of 20 and 70.
D. Cardiac output decreases with age due to decreased heart size.
E. Bladder capacity decreases and the kidneys become less efficient with age.
F. Cognitive abilities decline after the age of 70.
Rationale:Older adults have more difficulty seeing in low light or glare is correct. Difficulty focusing close up may begin in the 40s, and the ability to distinguish fine details may begin to decline in the 70s. From 50 on, there is increased susceptibility to glare, greater difficulty in seeing at low levels of illumination, and more difficulty in detecting moving targets.Personality changes are common in older adults is incorrect. With age, the brain loses some neurons and others become damaged. However, the brain adapts by increasing the number of synapses (connections between cells) and by regrowth in the dendrites and axons that carry messages in the brain.
There is no concomitant change in personality associated with the changes in the brain. Personality is quite stable, and sudden changes may suggest disease processes.Vital capacity of the lungs declines significantly between the ages of 20 and 70 is correct. The maximum vital capacity of the lungs declines with age, approximately 10% each decade, probably due to both decreased elasticity and increased residual volumes.Cardiac output decreases with age due to decreased heart size is incorrect. The heart will actually grow slightly larger with age. Maximal oxygen consumption during exercise declines by about 10% with each decade of adult life.
However, cardiac output stays nearly the same because the heart pumps more efficiently.Bladder capacity decreases and the kidneys become less efficient with age is correct. With age, the kidneys gradually become less efficient at extracting waste from the blood.
Bladder capacity declines; however, urinary incontinence, which may occur after tissue atrophy, is not universal in the older adult.
2.A nurse is planning care for a 10-year-old child who will be hospitalized for an extended period of time. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care to meet the client's psychosocial needs according to Erikson?
A. Arrange for a teacher to provide lesson plans.
Rationale:Erikson's stage of psychosocial development for a 10-year-old child is industry vs. inferiority. By providing school-age children the opportunity to keep up with their school work, they can maintain continue to develop skills and knowledge and maintain a sense of accomplishment. B. Allow the client to select his own food from the menu.
Rationale:Providing appropriate choices can help the school-age child adjust emotionally to the stress of prolonged hospitalization but allowing decision making is more appropriate for the psychosocial development of a preschooler. C. Discourage visits from the client's friends.
Rationale:
Encouraging visits from friends can help the school-age child adjust emotionally to the stress of prolonged hospitalization.
D. Provide a daily session with a play therapist.
Rationale:The school-age child needs to play, and a daily therapeutic session with the play therapist will help the child adjust to the stress of prolonged hospitalization. However, this action does not address the child's psychosocial development according to Erikson.
3.A nurse is planning home care for a 9-year-old child following an acute exacerbation of asthma. Which of the following of Erikson’s developmental stages should the nurse consider in the planning?
A. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Rationale:According to Erikson, a toddler (1 to 3 years) is in this stage of development.
B. Initiative vs. guilt
Rationale:According to Erikson, a preschool-age child (3 to 6 years) is in this stage of development.
C. Industry vs. inferiority
Rationale:According to Erickson, a school-age child (6 to 12 years) is in this stage of development. In this stage, the child engages in tasks and activities that are carried through to completion. D. Identity vs. role confusion
Rationale:According to Erickson, an adolescent (12 to 18 years) is in this stage of development.
4.A nurse is instructing clients in the community about relationship development. The nurse should explain that, according to Erikson, establishing relationships with commitment is a primary task of which of the following stages of psychosocial development?
A. Generativity vs. stagnation
Rationale:During this stage, middle adults (25 to 65 years) fulfill life goals for with family, career, and society, and give to and care for others.
B. Identity vs. role diffusion
Rationale:During this stage, adolescents (12 to 20 years) transition from childhood to adulthood.
C. Intimacy vs. isolation
Rationale:During this stage, young adults (18 to 25 years) develop commitments to others and to their careers.
D. Trust vs. mistrust [Show Less]