what are the parts of a long bone? - epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with another
... [Show More] bone.
What is the diaphysis? - shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this cavity
What is the periosteum? - a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long bones.
step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
how are bones classified? - by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - femur
example of short bones are - carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones - facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? - tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - bending a joint
define extension - Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from horizontal position)
define rotation - moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)
define circumduction - moving a part so that its ends follows a circular path (arm cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
define supination - rotation of forearm so that the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
define pronation - rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
define eversion - turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
define inversion - turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
define protraction - moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground (moving the head forward)
define retraction - moving a part backward (pulling the head backward)
define elevation - raising a body part (shrugging the shoulders) [Show Less]