Check Your Knowledge – Exam Bank Introduction to Psychology Why Science? Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful
... [Show More] monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Systematic observations Experimentation Statistical analysis The scientific method Longitudinal research ______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation. Empirical Ethical Scientific Idiographic Nomothetic Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? Do teenagers spend more time on their cellphones in a shopping mall than do adults?. contact: [email protected] What religion has the best understanding of a higher power?. Is the work of Pablo Picasso better or worse than the work of Paul Rodin?. What motivates people to visit public parks?. Is it ethical to conduct research on animals? According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate? Deception may be used when necessary but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.. Research cannot be conducted unless deception is used, otherwise participants can “fake” the data. As long as deception is explained in the research report, it is ethical to use.. Deception is unethical and should never be used in psychological research.. Deception may be used in research as long as an institutional review board has approved it. It does not need to be shared with research participants. Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______ . Confidentiality Informed consent Non-maleficence Debriefing Privacy ______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm. Ethics Laws Rights Morals Welfares Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______. Theories Empiricisms Abstractions Hypotheses Methods Thinking like a Psychological Scientist Which of the following hypotheses can be falsified? For each, be sure to consider what kind of data could be collected to demonstrate that a statement is not true. A. Chocolate tastes better than pasta. B. We live in the most violent time in history. C. Time can run backward as well as forward. D. There are planets other than Earth that have water on them. Inductive or Deductive 1. The stove was on and the water in the pot was boiling over. The front door was standing open. These clues suggest the homeowner left unexpectedly and in a hurry. Inductive 2. Gravity is associated with mass. Because the moon has a smaller mass than the Earth, it should have weaker gravity. Deductive 3. Students don’t like to pay for high priced textbooks. It is likely that many students in the class will opt not to purchase a book. Deductive 4. To earn a college degree, students need 100 credits. Janine has 85 credits, so she cannot graduate. Deductive Inductive reasoning is based on data from: Scientific theories General principles Distributions Populations Samples What is a type I error? Finding a relationship when none really exists Choosing a complex, rather than a simple, theory Choosing a simple, rather than a complex, theory Failing to find a relationship when one really exists What does the alternative hypothesis predict in NHST? That there is a relationship between two variables That there is no relationship between two variables That the distribution of observed data is the same as the theoretical data That the p-value is really large History of Psychology Behaviorism considers ____ to be the proper subject matter of psychology. Self-reported behaviour Gender differences Observable behaviour Internal thoughts and feelings The study of the brain and nervous system The saying the “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” represents to philosophy of ______ psychology. Behaviorist Gestalt Modern Empirical Structuralist Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests? For admission to the Sorbonne University To select only the most intelligent citizen for important tasks To evaluate prospective new teachers To identify school children in need of additional help For officer training in the military Research Methods Statistical thinking A fundamental principle of statistics is that: Data show cause and effect. Data vary. Data are needed to prove a claim.. All research needs to use numbers.. Patterns always exist. In the “climber study” researches varied whether the “helper” character was on the child’s right or left side. This is done to: Add a second variable to the research. Control variables. Add a cognitive aspect to the research. Confuse the children’s choice. Cause variability in the data A researcher puts the names of all possible subjects in a hat and draws out 10 for the study so she has a ______. stratified sample. generalized sample. random assignment. random sample. variable assignment A political poll is not perfectly accurate. The measure of how confident the researcher is in the accuracy is called the _____. margin of error. parameter. generalizability. dependent variable. distribution Research Designs How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research? The method that is used should be determined by what the researcher feels is her strongest area of expertise and knowledge.. The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher. The source of the financial support for the research will tell the researcher what type of methodology to employ in the study.. The research method being used will depend on the number of research participants that have been recruited for the study.. The best type of research will always be an experiment, since it is the method with the greatest chance of getting published. In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ variable. observed. dependent. independent. extraneous. confounding Psychologists often explore questions related to abstract concepts (e.g., satisfaction, happiness, spirituality) when conducting research but those concepts may be hard to quantify. What must be clearly stated at the beginning of the research of such a concept? a proposal of who can and cannot participate in the study of that concept. a list of dependent variables related to that concept. an operational definition of the concept. a list of independent variables related to that concept. a complete strategy of the statistics that will that will need to be calculated about that concept Markus is in a study examining the impact of vitamin C on vision. Some participants take 100mg. of vitamin C every day while others take placebo. Markus doesn't know which group he's in, but he is given eye exams measuring his vision each month. What is the dependent variable? The fact that a placebo pill is being used.. The day on which the eye exams are administered.. The number of participants in the study.. The amount of vitamin C a participant takes.. Participant’s vision, in this case, Markus’. Dr. Magill is conducting research on whether giving monkeys ice cold water in the morning will cause them to be less aggressive during the day. He has several graduate students observing the monkeys and he regularly comments to the students that ice water is “definitely making a difference.” As a result, the graduate students are less likely to rate minor aggressive incidents as true aggression. The research in this example has been compromised by ______. confounds. experimenter expectations. demand characteristics. the placebo effect. unclear operational definitions An article headline claimed that “Drugs Cause Homelessness” due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of: canonical correlation. participant demand. experimenter expectations. placebo effect. a third variable problem Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health which of the following would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist). a strong positive correlation. a weak positive correlation. a strong negative correlation. a weak negative correlation. zero correlation Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality? standardizability. projective ambiguity. ecological validity. interscorer reliability. internal consistency Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha’s smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing? the digital recall method. ecological momentary assessment method. quasi-experimental method. the daily diary method. repeated measures between-groups method After the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) examined blogs of users of a specific website. Through their use of ______, they determined that their participants expressed more negative emotions and were more cognitively and socially engaged for two weeks. After that period of time, these levels returned to baseline. electronically activated recordings. day reconstruction methods. ambulatory analyses. ecological momentary assessment. linguistic analyses Genetics and Evolution The Nature-Nurture Question Marilyn is a graduate student in psychology, and she has decided that she wants to study the influences of nature and nurture. Based on her goal of understanding the influences of nature and nurture, what is mostly likely the title of her research? “How one’s genes interact with their surroundings to determine intelligence.” “Success in teenage girls: The impact of female mentors.” . “Does depression always lead to suicide, or do thoughts of suicide lead to depression?” . “Short-term memory: Do smartphones inhibit memory in teens?” . “How do cooperative goals reduce racism in boys?” The science of how one’s genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______. behavioral genetics . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . neuroscience . psychobiology . ethnology . psychoneuroimmunology Dr. Eplin is conducting a study with hundreds of children and the parents who raised them, but are not biologically related to the children. Dr. Eplin is curious whether genes or the household environment has a greater influence on children's behavior. What kind of study is Dr. Eplin conducting? a family pedigree study . a longitudinal study . a twin study . an adoption study . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . a formal experiment When Paula and Paulette were first conceived, they were the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two different zygotes. They share all of their genetic code, and can be thought of as natural clones. What kind of twins are they? conjoined . mirror . fraternal . dizygotic . monozygotic How much of their genetic code do fraternal twins share? 50% . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . 10% . 25% . 100% . 33% Martha and Mary are sisters who were born 2 ½ years apart. Eric and Merrick are fraternal twin brothers who were born 8 minutes apart. Which of the following would be the most accurate statement regarding their genetic similarities? It is impossible to know what their genetic similarities are . The sisters are twice as genetically similar as the twins . The twins are genetically identical, while the sisters share none of their genes . The twins are twice as genetically similar as the sisters . The sisters are as genetically similar as the twin brothers As a general statement, the higher the ______coefficient, the stronger the influence of one’s genes on a specific trait being examined. biological . genetic . heritability . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . ethnographic . correlation Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children? genetic neuroscience . dizygotic mutation . ecological spreading . epigenetics . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . behavioral genetics Evolutionary Theories in Psychology Eric comes into work one day to find that a new woman has been hired as the frontdesk receptionist. She smiles at him and Eric wonders if she is flirting. The fact is she was simply being friendly and professional. Eric has fallen victim to the ______bias. actor-observer . sexual overperception . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . fundamental attribution . ultimate attribution . self-serving ______is a process of sexual selection by which members of one sex compete with each other, with the victors gaining enhanced mating access to members of the opposite sex. Alpha mates . Competitive rivaling . Hostile inclination . Intrasexual competition . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Intersexual selection ______theory deals with the evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgments and decisions we make in situations of uncertainty. Schematic construct . Functional appropriation . Error management . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Fundamental attributional . Heuristic determination Epigenetics in Psychology Observable charactertistics as a result of genotype expression are known as genetic displays . histones . phenotypes . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . prototypes Although identical twins share a common genotype, their ______ becomes more dissimilar as identical twins age. genotypes . Rycletatides . DNA . epigenetic patterns In rats, increased amount of __________ by the mother rat ______ the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus (a brain structure associated with stress responsivity as well as learning and memory). This resulted in ________ hormonal response to stress compared with adult animals reared by mothers who engaged in lower levels of this behaviour. licking, increased, lowered . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . nursing, increased, decreased . nursing, decreased, increased . licking, decreased, decreased Identical twins share an identical genome, but we know that they are not the identical person (e.g., many have different preferences, behaviours, personality, etc). One possible explanation for differences is: histone-12CT . genotypic variance . epigenetic patterns become more dissimilar with age Learning Factors Influencing Learning Ads for a cleaning product claims that people have gone “noseblind”, meaning they are unaware of stinky smells in their homes. What is the term for the process that leads to “noseblindness"? systematic desensitization . implicit learning . habituation . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . implicit memory . sensitization Why can experts remember more pieces of information than novices can? Experts are less anxious than novices are. . Experts try harder to remember information than novices do. . Experts are generally older than novices are and older people tend to have better memories. . Experts are able to chunk the information together. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Experts have better working memory capacities than novices do. Why is telling students to try very hard to learn new information not very helpful? They may become frustrated if they try hard to learn new information and it does not work. . Learning is always most effective if it is done without conscious effort. . It may make them more anxious and interfere with their ability to learn. . Most learning is determined by intelligence so effort does not really matter. . Intention to learn is less important than using effective learning strategies. Rin has determined that she has 5 hours available to study for next week’s exam. How should she plan her study to maximize learning? Spend 5 hours studying in the middle of the week so no anxiety will interfere. . Spread her study: 3 hours the day before the exam and 2 hours the day of the exam. . Spend 5 hours studying right away so that she can know the information as long as possible. . Spread her study: 1 hour a day for 5 of the days and take 2 days off in between study days. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Spend 5 hours studying right before the exam so no memory decay occurs Conditioning and Learning In Ivan Pavlov’s original experiment, the ______served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs. bell . laboratory . salivation . research assistant . food Aaron has been using heroin at his friend Luca’s apartment. One night Aaron takes the same dose of heroin when he is home alone, and nearly dies from an overdose. Which phenomenon related to classical conditioning explains why this happened? conditioned compensatory responses . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Pavlovian extinction . higher-order conditioning . stimulus discrimination . stimulus generalization After their relationship ends, Mary is reminded of Sylvia constantly. Over time, however, she stops associating everything she sees with her ex-girlfriend. This demonstrates ______. social modeling . extinction . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . stimulus control . generalization . a discriminative stimulus Which is a more modern way of thinking about the impact of reinforcers on the likelihood of repeating a specific, rewarded behavior? A neutral stimulus can come to elicit a response that was previously associated with a different stimulus. . Animals will learn about the consequences of an action and will perform it based on how much they value those consequences. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . It is believed that rewards cannot strengthen behaviors unless punishments have also been received in response to the same behaviors. . All stimuli have the same capacity to encourage behaviors, whether they are pleasant of unpleasant. . People are capable of choosing behaviors based on their anticipated outcomes, but lower animals are unable to make such a choice. Knowledge Emotions: Feelings that Foster Learning, Exploring, and Reflecting According to the functionalist theories of emotion, emotions help people_____________ Achieve homeostasis . Sleep . Manage important tasks . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Multitask According to this approach, confusion is beneficial for learning. CC Model (Confusion and Contradictory Model) . Confusion Approach to Learning . struggle-based learning . impasse-driven learning This module argues that the emotions of surprise, interest, confusion, and awe are especially important because: These emotions are universal . These emotions are fundamental for learning . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . These emotions are ubiquitous across cultures . These emotions are unique to the human experience Neurons Neurons Approximately how many neurons are in the adult human brain? 100 billion . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . 10 million . 1 million . 1 billion What part of the neuron carries the action potential and is the main source of output? synapses . axon . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . nucleus . soma . dendrites What insulating substance allows for an electrical signal to travel much faster down an axon? NMDA . extracellular fluid . potassium . myelin sheath . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . gamma-aminobutyric acid What type of neuron receives environmental stimuli and helps people perceive? unipolar neuron . neurite . sensory neuron . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . interneuron . motor neuron Communication within a neuron is electrical, and between neurons is ______. static . intracellular . synaptic . chemical . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . dendritic The electrostatic charge within a neuron must reach the ______before the neuron will fire. action potential . nodes of Ranvier . ionotropic receptor . refractory period . threshold of excitation What current causes depolarization, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire? inhibitory postsynaptic potential . excitatory presynaptic potential . neutralized presynatic potential . inhibitory presynatic potential . excitatory postsynaptic potential Hormones and Behaviour Why does the analogy of a car (for hormonal transmission) and a train (for neural transmission) help explain their differences? Hormones “carry only a few passengers” while neurons carry many. . Neurons takes longer than hormones to reach their destination. . Hormones have to “refuel” as they travel but Neurons do not. . Hormones can go many places, whereas neurons have to follow a specific path. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Hormones can stop and start more easily than neurons. What is the study of how the nervous system and the endocrine system are interrelated called? Phrenology . Neuroendocrinology . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Functionalism . Endoneurology . Neurohormonology Cortisol is most related to which of the following? Cortisol is most related to sleep . Cortisol is most related to stress response . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Cortisol is most related to mood issues . Cortisol is most related to gender differences . Cortisol is most related to pain response When hormones activate a target cell, proteins ______ other genes. Activate . Mutate . Strengthen . Activate or deactivate . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Deactivate If human behavior can be conceptualized as three systems- input, integrator, and output- then which do hormones influence? Only output systems . All three systems . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Input and output systems . Only integration systems . Integrator and output systems When looking at cognitive differences between the sexes, which of the following would be the best conclusion? There is more variation between sexes than within each sex. . Females have better senses, and males better physical skills. . Males and females do not learn the same way. . While there are differences, the differences are slight. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . The differences in cognitive skills between the sexes is large. Psychopharmacology When one of your neurons is trying to send a signal to a neighboring neuron, it does so by releasing tiny chemicals called ______that can communicate a “message” to that adjacent neuron. neurotransmitters . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . neuromodulators . antagonistic binders . hormones . agonistic binders Willamina has taken a drug in the last hour that increases activity in the synapses between her neurons. The result was an increase in the overall effect of specific neurotransmitters. What category of drug would this be? neuromodulator . antagonist . afferent . efferent . agonist Seroquel is a drug that decreases the effect of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine at synapses. For that reason, this drug could be considered a(n) ______. pro-inflammatory . antagonist . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . neuroconductor . neuroleptic . agonist Which of the following is best described as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and has an important impact on learning? Dopamine . Serotonin . Acetylcholine . Norepinephrine . Glutamate ______refers to the use of multiple drugs , which is a particularly problematic issue for the elderly population of the United States. Polypharmacy . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Heteropharmacology . Multisubstance . Synergism . Multichemical The most common route by which a drug is ingested into the body is oral administration, while one of the most rapid ways of getting the effects of a drug is ______. suppository administration . dilution in water . intramuscular administration . intraosseous administration . inhalation Neurobiology The Brain The single most basic part of the human brain – a part that is seen in other, lessevolved animals - is the ______. This essential area helps to regulate such critical functions as breathing, digestion, and the beating of your heart. reticular activating system . cerebral cortex . brainstem . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . midbrain . limbic system Which of the following would NOT be considered a structure that is part of the limbic system? the medulla . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . the pituitary gland . the hypothalamus . the thalamus . the amygdala 13-year old Laila is taken to her doctor when her parents recognize that she is having symptoms related to her movement and posture. The doctor sends her to a neurologist, who orders an MRI of her brain. The doctor is not surprised to find out that Laila has a small growth on her ______, and speaks to the parents about how this will be treated so that Laila’s symptoms will resolve. pineal gland . diencephalon . pons . cerebellum . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . cerebrum The thick bundle of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called the ______. This structure allows those hemispheres to communicate with each other. hippocampus . corpus callosum . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . hypothalamus . amygdala . central sulcus Psychophysiological Methods in Neuroscience Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the highest level of temporal resolution? positron emission tomography (PET) . functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) . computer tomography (CT) . magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . electroencephalography (EEG) Irene has been having migraines lately and she goes to visit her doctor. Her doctor sends her to have a brain imaging test that will measure changes in the naturally occurring oxygen in the blood in her brain. Which type of procedure is Irene going to have? bilateral electroconvulsive viewing (BEV) . positron emission tomography (PET) . diffuse optical imaging (DOI) . functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . electromyography (EMG) Dr. Morales is interested in studying how very small facial movements can be an early indicator of emotional response. Which measure would Dr. Morales likely use to measure very small facial movements? functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) . diffuse optical imaging (DOI) . bilateral electroconvulsive viewing (BEV) . electromyography (EMG) . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . positron emission tomography (PET) The ______ nervous system includes nerves and neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord, and facilitates communication to other parts of the body. somatic . parasympathetic . central . peripheral . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . autonomic The Nervous System This system is generally engaged in “rest and digest” functions the peripheral nervous system . the parasympathetic nervous system . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . the autonomic nervous system . the somatic nervous system This system is generally engaged in “fight or flight” functions the autonomic nervous system . the sympathetic nervous system . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . the peripheral nervous system . the parasympathetic nervous system . the somatic nervous system The crevices/fissures in the brain (where the brain “dips down”) are called: fissurati . gyri . brain dips . sulci . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . lobes The area of the brain associated with language production is known as Broca’s area . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Occipital Lobe . Corpus Collosum . Pituitary . Wernicke’s Area The area of the brain associated with somatosensory and gustatory sensation is: Sylvian Fissure . Parietal Lobe . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Temporal Lobe . Frontal Lobe . Occipital Lobe Introduction to Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception The smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection is known as the ______. signal detection . sensory adaptation . just noticeable difference . absolute threshold . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . principle of inverse effectiveness What photoreceptors, located around the fovea of the retina, are sensitive to low levels of light? cochlea . optic nerve . cones . rods . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . cornea Julio stares at a yellow piece of paper for 30 seconds, and then he quickly looks at a white wall. The blue afterimage he sees supports which theory of color vision? multisensory integration theory . opponent-processes theory . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . trichromatic theory . differential threshold theory . inverse effectiveness theory In which part of the brain do we perceive touch, temperature, and pain? optic nerve . olfactory epithelium . primary somatosensory cortex . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . homunculus . ventral pathway During sensation, our sense organs engage in ______, the process of converting the physical stimulus into an electrical one the brain can understand. somatosensation . perception . visualization . transduction . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . gustation Hearing Gregory and Peter are both violinists who play with their city’s orchestra. As they are warming up for a concert, Peter says to Gregory: “I think you’re A is a bit flat.” Peter is suggesting that the ______ of Gregory’s violin needs to be adjusted. pitch . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . purity . amplitude . timbre . intensity Different musical instruments give a different quality of sound. A trumpet, for example, may be described as “tinny,” while a cello might be described as producing a “rich” sound. These sound qualities refer to the ______ of the instrument. intensity . frequency . timbre . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . pitch . amplitude Tympanic membrane is: an ear drum, which separates the outer ear from the concha. . an ear drum, which separates the outer ear from the inner ear. . an ear drum, which separates the outer ear from the pinna. . an ear drum, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . an ear drum, which separates the inner ear from the cochlea. Which of the following is a primary function of the malleus, incus, and stapes? swaying gently up and down to create innervation of auditory neurons . enhancing sound waves that are over 20,000 hz in frequency . expanding and contracting when “struck” by sound waves . blocking certain sound stimuli to protect the auditory receptors from damage caused by sounds that are too loud . transmitting vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window Mathilda is studying the parts of the brain and their various functions. When she gets to the sense of hearing, she should probably realize that the primary auditory centers are located in the ______ lobes of her brain. parietal . frontal . corporeal . temporal . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . occipital If you were to go to a concert of your favorite band, you’d want to avoid sitting right next to the powerful speakers. Based on your reading, you know that a sound amplitude over ______ decibels (db) sound pressure level (SPL) is considered dangerously loud. 100 . 120 . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . 145 . 50 . 70 Brian is listening to his son, Abel, talk about what he did in school today. Suddenly Brian has difficulty hearing the story because Abel's brother--who has a very similar voice--starts talking on the telephone nearby. Which phenomenon describes Brian's difficulty? fusion . priming . tinniting . auditory shadowing . masking Touch and Pain “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage,” is known as: defense perception . pain . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . perception . warning perception The Placebo Effect is: Pain due to Place Neurons . The effect of Place Neurons removing pain . Effects from a treatment that are not caused by the physical properties of a treatment but by the meaning ascribed to it. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . When treatment is not needed When it comes to interpreting pain, the context: does not impact how we interpret pain . significantly impacts how we interpret pain . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . has a small impact on how we interpret pain . is not studied in relation to biological pain . has a moderate impact on how we interpret pain The estimated annual cost associated with chronic pain the United States is: $560–$635 billion . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . $50-$65 billion . $50-$60 million . $800-$900 million High-threshold sensory receptors of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that are capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli are known as: Nociceptors . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Pain neurons . C-tactile fibers . C-fibers . Axons The Visual World Seeing What is the collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information, via the thalamus, to the brain known as Rods . Fovea . Retina . Cones . The Optic Nerve Hugo is in bed before falling asleep, and he is amused by the fact that he can still see the shape of the door to his closet, even though the room is dark. What kind of cells are being activated that allow for Hugo’s limited vision at this moment? cones . rods . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . bipolar cells . amacrine cells . ganglion cells The speedometer in a car has a black background with white numbers, and an orange pointer that indicates the speed at which you are driving. What process explains how your brain sees that orange hand? Your brain assess the contrast in the light coming from the orange hand and the light coming from the black background. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . The information that travels from your left eye is analyzed by the brain’s occipital lobe, while information from the right eye travels to the parietal lobe. . The left and right cerebral hemispheres employ activation of all four lobes to determine what the eyes have received. . The brain compares the visual stimulus to memories and past experiences, and is processed in the hippocampus. . Your brain uses the structures of the limbic system to determine whether parts of the speedometer are symmetrical. According to this theory, the colour we see depends on the mix of signals received from the 3 types of cones: Foveal Integration Theory . Gestalt Theory . Opponent-Process Theory . Phi Phenomenon . Trichromatic Colour Theory Multi-Modal Perception A multimodal stimulus produces a greater effect than if the same unimodial stimuli were combined. What is this phenomenon known as? enhancement of multisensory information . McGurk effect . principle of inverse effectiveness . double illusion . superadditive effect of multisensory integration When a stimulus is presented in a neuron’s ______, that neuron responds by increasing or decreasing its firing rate. motor cortex . lateral fissure . receptive field . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . multimodal zone . crossmodal space The brain processes simple noises in what area of the cortex? somatosensory cortex . lateral fissure . primary auditory cortex . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . occular nerve . superior temporal sulcus During experiments involving the ______ effect, auditory and visual information conflicted and caused the participant to misinterpret the stimulus. multisensory . bouncing balls . rubber hand . double flash . McGurk In the “rubber hand illusion,” what two unimodal senses interact in the participant’s perception? tactile and visual . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . visual and gustatory . visual and auditory . tactile and olfactory . tactile and auditory Sumby and Pollack (1954) found that the influence of visual cues on interpretation of an auditory stimulus was ______ when the background noise was loud. most effective . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . most detrimental . not effective at all . least effective . least detrimental Consciousness and Sleep Consciousness A person with ______ blindness might report that they cannot see anything even though the structures of their eyes are undamaged and work perfectly. inattentional . selective . cortical . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . conversion . somatosensory A peculiar condition called ______ is demonstrated when a person can analyze and respond to visual events even though they have no conscious awareness of having seen the stimuli. protanopia . blindsight . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . presbycusis . presbyopia . cortical blindness Which brain structure seems to be intimately involved in our ability to store memories of the events that we experience each day? the reticular activating system . the central sulcus . the hypothalamus . the hippocampus . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . the basal ganglia Which of the following best characterizes decision-making? Decisions can be made through both conscious and unconscious information processing. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Decisions tend to be based on conscious processes in women but unconscious processes in men. . Decisions are almost never conscious thoughts. . Decisions tend to be based on conscious processes in men but unconscious processes in women. . Decisions are conscious thoughts that are always the product of careful deliberation. A moment of ______ is an essential ingredient to conscious experiences, and might be described as a period of focused attention and alertness. transcendence . chi . awareness . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . meditation . intensity States of Consciousness Which of the following is true about cues? People are more aware of cues when others are present when the cue is issued . Stimuli becomes cues when they are paired with a response . Cues are significant to the perceiver . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . People are always consciously aware of cues . People are never consciously aware of cues Which of the following is a cost of low awareness? It is associated with higher rates of forgetting . It uses mental effort . It weakens the immune system . It allows better focus . It can be influenced by subtle factors Jet lag is caused by ______. disruptions in circadian rhythms . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . the effects of chronic vibrations experienced while flying . the increase of melatonin at high altitude . the depletion of melatonin at high altitude . the depletion of oxytocin with changing altitude Why don’t people spend all their time in “high awareness”? It uses too much mental effort . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . They lack the motivation . They have not taken a mindfulness course . They can only access this state while being alone . They can only access this state while in groups Stimulants are highly addictive because ______. they stimulate the hypothalamus; the part of the brain associated with hunger . the circulatory system creates a new, metabolism set-point . as their effects wear off the brain craves the buildup of dopamine . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . they are often taken social and relationships become a cue for their use . they allow for the release of vasopressin, which regulates the body’s blood pressure levels and homeostasis Attention and Memory Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception People who are warned that they are about to taste something bad rate what they do taste more negatively than people who are told that the taste won’t be so bad (Nitschke et al., 2006), and people perceive a child and adult pair as looking more alike when they are told that they are parent and child (Bressan & Dal Martello, 2002). Examples of research such as these support the assertion that: Expectations influence our perception . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Humans are poor at interpreting information . Perception is objective . Expectations influence our sensation Modern televisions and computer monitors were developed on the basis of the trichromatic colour theory, using three colour elements placed close enough together that the colours are blended by the eye. The field of psychology that engages in work like this is known as: Human Factors . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Tech-Perception . Tri-Psychology (Tri-Psy) . Technology Psychology Consider our image of a door as it swings. When it is closed, we see it as rectangular, but when it is open, we see only its edge and it appears as a line. But we never perceive the door as changing shape as it swings. This is known as: perceptual constancy . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . principle of stability . static perception . constancy principle Attention Imagine you are at a party, and are having a conversation with someone. Midsentence, you clearly hear your name in a conversation happening across the room. This is known as the Cocktail Party Effect. It occurs as a result of: Self-Focused Attention . Central Attention . Egoistic Attention . Selective Attention What was a general concern with Broadbent’s Filter Model, Treisman’s Attenuation Model, and Late Selection Models? They were not generalizable across populations . They were not falsifiable . They were based on correlational data and thus cause-and-effect conclusions were not possible . They lacked the ability to account for all of the data The percentage of people who can truly perform cognitive tasks without impairing their driving performance is estimated to be about: 2% . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . 50% . 15% . 25% Failures of Awareness: The Case of Inattentional Blindness You put on a set of headphones that play two completely different speech streams, one to your left ear and one to your right ear. Your task is to repeat each syllable spoken into your left ear as quickly and accurately as possible, mimicking each sound as you hear it. When performing this attention-demanding task, you won’t notice if the speaker in your right ear switches to a different language or is replaced by a different speaker with a similar voice. You won’t notice if the content of their speech becomes nonsensical. This demonstrates: peripheral attention . damage to the Corpus Collosum . a dichotic inattention task . a dichotic listening task Which of the following is not a demonstration of inattentional blindness? When monitoring black shapes (ignoring the white) moving on a computer monitor, 30% failed to detect a bright red cross going across the screen for 5 seconds. . When counting ball passes in a video, 50% of people did not report seeing a gorilla thump it’s chest in clear view of the camera . When reading a textbook, most people skip unnecessary words to increase reading speed. . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . When jogging behind an experimenter, 65% of participants failed to notice a staged fight scene. Despite a lot of research demonstrating otherwise, 78% of respondents to a National US survey agreed with the statement, “People generally notice when something unexpected enters their field of view, even when they’re paying attention to something else.” What is not suggested by your chapter as a way to reduce inattentional blindness? Avoid distractions . There is not much you can do to reduce inattentional blindness . Practice with apps that train attention . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . Try to pay attention to what which others might not notice Memories as Types and Stages Drag the words into the correct boxes Explicit memory is a type of memory; Implicit memory is a type of memory; Short-term memory is a memory stage; Long-term memory is a memory stage; Sensory memory is a memory stage; Storage is a process of memory; Retrieval is a process of memory Fill in the missing words Explicit memory refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. Episodic memory refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had. Semantic memory refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world. Fill in the missing words The three types of implicit memory are procedural memory classical conditioning and priming . Fill in the missing words maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory Memory Memory (encoding, storage, and retrieval) When he was 10 Billy won the city chess championship. Thirty years later, he remembers shaking hands with his opponent and lifting the trophy. [Show Less]