Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding
... [Show More] it. • Systematic observations • Experimentation • Statistical analysis • The scientific method • Longitudinal research ______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation. • Empirical • Ethical • Scientific • Idiographic • Nomothetic Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? • Do teenagers spend more time on their cellphones in a shopping mall than do adults?. • What religion has the best understanding of a higher power?. contact: [email protected] • Is the work of Pablo Picasso better or worse than the work of Paul Rodin?. • What motivates people to visit public parks?. • Is it ethical to conduct research on animals? According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate? • Deception may be used when necessary but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.. • Research cannot be conducted unless deception is used, otherwise participants can “fake” the data. • As long as deception is explained in the research report, it is ethical to use.. • Deception is unethical and should never be used in psychological research.. • Deception may be used in research as long as an institutional review board has approved it. It does not need to be shared with research participants. Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______ . • Confidentiality • Informed consent • Non-maleficence • Debriefing • Privacy ______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm. • Ethics • Laws • Rights • Morals • Welfares Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______. • Theories • Empiricisms • Abstractions • Hypotheses • Methods Thinking like a Psychological Scientist Which of the following hypotheses can be falsified? For each, be sure to consider what kind of data could be collected to demonstrate that a statement is not true. A. Chocolate tastes better than pasta. B. We live in the most violent time in history. C. Time can run backward as well as forward. D. There are planets other than Earth that have water on them. Inductive or Deductive 1. The stove was on and the water in the pot was boiling over. The front door was standing open. These clues suggest the homeowner left unexpectedly and in a hurry. Inductive 2. Gravity is associated with mass. Because the moon has a smaller mass than the Earth, it should have weaker gravity. Deductive 3. Students don’t like to pay for high priced textbooks. It is likely that many students in the class will opt not to purchase a book. Deductive 4. To earn a college degree, students need 100 credits. Janine has 85 credits, so she cannot graduate. Deductive Inductive reasoning is based on data from: • Scientific theories • General principles • Distributions • Populations • Samples What is a type I error? • Finding a relationship when none really exists • Choosing a complex, rather than a simple, theory • Choosing a simple, rather than a complex, theory • Failing to find a relationship when one really exists What does the alternative hypothesis predict in NHST? • That there is a relationship between two variables • That there is no relationship between two variables • That the distribution of observed data is the same as the theoretical data • That the p-value is really large History of Psychology Behaviorism considers ____ to be the proper subject matter of psychology. • Self-reported behaviour • Gender differences • Observable behaviour • Internal thoughts and feelings • The study of the brain and nervous system The saying the “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” represents to philosophy of ______ psychology. • Behaviorist • Gestalt • Modern • Empirical • Structuralist Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests? • For admission to the Sorbonne University • To select only the most intelligent citizen for important tasks • To evaluate prospective new teachers • To identify school children in need of additional help • For officer training in the military Research Methods Statistical thinking A fundamental principle of statistics is that: • Data show cause and effect. • Data vary. • Data are needed to prove a claim.. • All research needs to use numbers.. • Patterns always exist. In the “climber study” researches varied whether the “helper” character was on the child’s right or left side. This is done to: • Add a second variable to the research. • Control variables. • Add a cognitive aspect to the research. • Confuse the children’s choice. • Cause variability in the data A researcher puts the names of all possible subjects in a hat and draws out 10 for the study so she has a ______. • stratified sample. • generalized sample. • random assignment. • random sample. • variable assignment A political poll is not perfectly accurate. The measure of how confident the researcher is in the accuracy is called the _____. • margin of error. • parameter. • generalizability. • dependent variable. • distribution Research Designs How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research? • The method that is used should be determined by what the researcher feels is her strongest area of expertise and knowledge.. • The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher. • The source of the financial support for the research will tell the researcher what type of methodology to employ in the study.. • The research method being used will depend on the number of research participants that have been recruited for the study.. • The best type of research will always be an experiment, since it is the method with the greatest chance of getting published. In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ variable. • observed. • dependent. • independent. • extraneous. • confounding Psychologists often explore questions related to abstract concepts (e.g., satisfaction, happiness, spirituality) when conducting research but those concepts may be hard to quantify. What must be clearly stated at the beginning of the research of such a concept? • a proposal of who can and cannot participate in the study of that concept. • a list of dependent variables related to that concept. • an operational definition of the concept. • a list of independent variables related to that concept. • a complete strategy of the statistics that will that will need to be calculated about that concept Markus is in a study examining the impact of vitamin C on vision. Some participants take 100mg. of vitamin C every day while others take placebo. Markus doesn't know which group he's in, but he is given eye exams measuring his vision each month. What is the dependent variable? • The fact that a placebo pill is being used.. • The day on which the eye exams are administered.. • The number of participants in the study.. • The amount of vitamin C a participant takes.. • Participant’s vision, in this case, Markus’. Dr. Magill is conducting research on whether giving monkeys ice cold water in the morning will cause them to be less aggressive during the day. He has several graduate students observing the monkeys and he regularly comments to the students that ice water is “definitely making a difference.” As a result, the graduate students are less likely to rate minor aggressive incidents as true aggression. The research in this example has been compromised by ______. • confounds. • experimenter expectations. • demand characteristics. • the placebo effect. • unclear operational definitions An article headline claimed that “Drugs Cause Homelessness” due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of: • canonical correlation. • participant demand. • experimenter expectations. • placebo effect. • a third variable problem Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health which of the following would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist). • a strong positive correlation. • a weak positive correlation. • a strong negative correlation. • a weak negative correlation. • zero correlation Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality? • standardizability. • projective ambiguity. • ecological validity. • interscorer reliability. • internal consistency Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha’s smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing? • the digital recall method. • ecological momentary assessment method. • quasi-experimental method. • the daily diary method. • repeated measures between-groups method After the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) examined blogs of users of a specific website. Through their use of ______, they determined that their participants expressed more negative emotions and were more cognitively and socially engaged for two weeks. After that period of time, these levels returned to baseline. • electronically activated recordings. • day reconstruction methods. • ambulatory analyses. • ecological momentary assessment. • linguistic analyses Genetics and Evolution The Nature-Nurture Question Marilyn is a graduate student in psychology, and she has decided that she wants to study the influences of nature and nurture. Based on her goal of understanding the influences of nature and nurture, what is mostly likely the title of her research? • “How one’s genes interact with their surroundings to determine intelligence.” • “Success in teenage girls: The impact of female mentors.” . • “Does depression always lead to suicide, or do thoughts of suicide lead to depression?” . • “Short-term memory: Do smartphones inhibit memory in teens?” . • “How do cooperative goals reduce racism in boys?” The science of how one’s genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______. • behavioral genetics . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . • neuroscience . • psychobiology . • ethnology . • psychoneuroimmunology Dr. Eplin is conducting a study with hundreds of children and the parents who raised them, but are not biologically related to the children. Dr. Eplin is curious whether genes or the household environment has a greater influence on children's behavior. What kind of study is Dr. Eplin conducting? • a family pedigree study . • a longitudinal study . • a twin study . • an adoption study . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . • a formal experiment When Paula and Paulette were first conceived, they were the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two different zygotes. They share all of their genetic code, and can be thought of as natural clones. What kind of twins are they? • conjoined . • mirror . • fraternal . • dizygotic . • monozygotic How much of their genetic code do fraternal twins share? • 50% . C o r r e c t a n s w e r . • 10% . • 25% . • 100% . • 33% Martha and Mary are sisters who were born 2 ½ years apart. Eric and Merrick are fraternal twin brothers who were born 8 minutes apart. Which of the following would be the most accurate statement regarding their genetic similarities? • It is impossible to know what their genetic similarities are . • The sisters are twice as genetically similar as the twins . • The twins are genetically identical, while the sisters share none of their genes . • The twins are twice as genetically similar as the sisters . • The sisters are as genetically similar as the twin brothers [Show Less]