what was the problem with Cheryl, the woman who always felt like she was falling
her vestibular apparatus (the sensory organ for the balance system)
... [Show More] wasn't working
how does the vestibular apparatus work
three canals that have hairs in a fluid bath - one to detect movement in horizontal, one in vertical, and another for forward and backward - hard detect fluid movement
Brainpower
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what was the experiment done for Cheryl (lost her balance)
electrodes connecting helmet with plastic strip that touches tongue, sends signals to brain. she is balanced with the hat on AND after she takes it off for a little
what does Cheryls ability to balance after taking the helmet off show
brain plasticity - it reinforces and recruits other neural pathways
what does the machine that allows blind people to experience depth perception and shadows show
neuroplasticity (using one sense to replace the other - touch for vision)
who is back-y-rita
scientist that did the woman falling, blind person seeing experiments - interested in neuroplasticity & not concerned with how information enters the brain
what physical change in the brain was noticed in women after they gave birth
grey matter reductions in brain regions associated with social cognition and theory of mind - which helps us think about what is going on in someone else mind (same regions activated when women look at pictures of their child)
what aspects of brain structure and cognition seem most responsive to exercise
mainly the hippocampus, also prefrontal cortex
physically, how does working out induce neuroplasticity
increasing production of a protein called BDNF which promotes neuron growth and survival
in what ways too we cognitively engage the brain during physical activity
spatial memory and navigation, motor system and control, executive function, sensory and attention systems
what two evolutionary changes bound exercise to brain function
our shift from being quadrupedal to bipedal,
shift to hunting and gathering (long travel)
exercising alone might not be enough for brain function, what is the added aspect that really leads to new lasting neurons
exercise that is cognitively stimulating (tasks for attention, memory, navigation, etc)
in the classical conditioning article, Kandel found that the CR in their procedure was due to what in the brain
increase in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons activated by the CS (triggered by increase in calcium and sodium)
what procedure was done for Marvin (the chronic cough)
-shocked when he coughed at the stimuli,
-wasnt shocked if he could hold off from coughing for time, time increased as he held off
what were the results for Marvins chronic cough
once he delayed urge to cough past 30 seconds, it went away.
what does the elimination of chronic cough study show
how aversion techniques in behavioral therapy can help respiratory issues
what procedure was used for the study on elimination of chronic infant ruminating
shows were given to the infant when he was throwing up, and stopped when he ceased
what were the results of the study of elimination of chronic infant ruminating
over the trial, weight increased, throwing up. lessened, and social behavior increased.
didn't come back after discharged
how does the brain change when mastering a new skill
generation of new neural activity patterns (that enable new abilities)
what experiment was done for how the brain changes when mastering a new skill
recording the neural activity of the arm in the primary motor cortex of monkeys as they performed a task where they moved a cursor to align with spots on the monitor
why was it striking that the monkeys learned to control the cursor in the 'mastering a new skill' experiment
before they didn't have the neural activity patterns required to perform this skill. after neural activity pattens had appeared
what is contingency management
behavior therapy that rewards abstinence with retail goods and services
explain what happened with the two cases described in the contingency management reading
two drug addicts were able to draw from bowl of prizes if they stayed clean,
they stayed clean and when they relapsed it was for shorter tie periods during and after treatment.
what did the CM (contingency management) study show
the tangible rewards became internalized and continued to reinforce abstinence after treatment ended
what is a self control choice between? (what two options)
small proximal reinforcer (impulsive choice), large more distant reinforcer
Ainslie rachlin theory suggests that changes o preference in self control situations are understandable if we consider what
how delay changes a reinforcers effectiveness
what are the assumptions of the Ainslie rachlin theory
1) the value of a reinforcer decreases as the delay between making a choice and receiving the reinforcer increases,
2) subject will choose whicheverreinforcer has the higher value at the moment a choice is made
techniques to exploit the possibility of changing your mind later for the short term benefit (ainslie rachlin)
precommitment
describe the experiment for anislies procedure (in animals)
red light that would deliver immediate food, green light that would deliver more food but delayed.
what is the relationship between reinforcers and punishers for delayed self control experiment
symmetrical but opposite effects on behavior
what did ainslies experiment in animals (pigeon experiment) show about self control (with reinforcers)
subject chose the lesser, but more immediate, option when presented.
But, when given the option for pre-commitment, the subject chooses the better delayed option
what did ainslies experiment with animals show about the OPPOSITE - how subject react to self control situations with punishers (rather than reinforcers)
subject choose the larger delayed punishment.
when given option for precommitment, chose smaller more immediate punishment [Show Less]