Locard's Principle of Exchange - contact between people and objects during a crime can result in a transfer of material
direct evidence - evidence (if
... [Show More] true) that proves a fact (eyewitness account)
circumstantial evidence - evidence that does not directly support a fact (blood stain or fingerprint)
physical evidence - an object used to support elements of a crime
biological evidence - organic matter used to support elements of a crime
class evidence - evidence that narrows an identity to a group of persons or things
individual evidence - evidence that narrows identity to a single person or thing
trace evidence - a small amount of physical or biological evidence
crime-scene investigation team - police officers, detectives, crime-scene investigators, medical examiners, and specialists
crime-scene investigation - recognize, document, photograph, and collect evidence
first-responding officer - identify extent of crime scene, secure the scene, and separate witnesses
primary crime scene - location of where the crime took place
secondary crime scene - alternate location where additional evidence can be collected
crime-scene investigator - processes crime scenes (recognize, document, and preserve evidence)
triangulation - mathematical method of calculating the location of an object based on the position of other objects
paper bindle - folded paper used to hold evidence
chain of custody - document that records how and when evidence has been handled
datum point - a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene
crime-scene reconstruction - forming a hypothesis of the sequence of evidence before, during, and after the crime
forensic laboratory - where evidence is analyzed
detective - develops a possible crime-scene scenario
toxicology - the study of poisons, toxins, drugs, and other substances people use for medical, recreational, or criminal purposes
handling substance evidence - process it, weigh it, separate it, identify it
forensic toxicology - science of determining relationship between exposure to a substance and toxic or lethal effects of exposure on humans
poisons - natural or manufactured chemicals that can cause severe harm
toxins - naturally occurring poisonous substances living things produce
toxicologist - examines the effects of harmful substances on the body, establishes cause and effect of exposure, and develops treatments and techniques for detection
toxicity - degree to which a substance is harmful to a person at a given time
factors of toxicity - dose, duration, nature of exposure, interactions, by-products when broken down or metabolized
questions for toxicological testing - which substances?
illegal components?
how much of each?
presumptive testing - preliminary chemical tests performed by first-responding officers to identify a substance (does not provide positive confirmation)
confirmatory testing - multistep chemical process that provides a positive identification of a substance
colorimetric testing - most common form of presumptive testing that results in a color change
chromatography, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, wet chemistry - most common forms of confirmatory testing
acute poisoning - poisoning caused by a high dose over a short period of time; symptoms present themselves immediately
chronic poisoning - poisoning caused by low doses over long periods of time; symptoms present themselves gradually
heavy metals - poisonous metallic substances that are ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes
mercury poisoning - heavy metal example
lethal gas - gases that cause bodily harm or death when inhaled
carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide - lethal gases examples
lethal injections - injection of a lethal substance in the body that causes bodily harm or death
potassium and sodium pentothal - lethal injection examples
herbicide - chemical substance that controls plants; can be deadly in humans
pesticide - chemical substance that controls insects and rodents; can be deadly in humans
aldrin and dieldrin - pesticide examples
glyphosate mixture - herbicide example
rattlesnake venom and ricin - toxin examples
five classes of drugs - based on reactions
five classes of drugs are - narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids
tolerance - amount of drug that creates an effect
addiction - compulsive drug craving and use
dependency - intense drug craving without withdrawal symptoms
five schedules of drugs (CSA Act) - based on acceptance for medical use and potential for dependency
illegal substances - drugs that are not used medically [Show Less]