Defining Goals and Types of Goals - -Most people have done this before but never thought about the formal ways,
-Five Types: Subjective and Objective
... [Show More] Goals, and Outcome, Performance, and Process Goals,
-We like more objective and outcome goals as we get older in sport settings
Subjective Goals - General statements of intent such as having fun or doing your best,
This is interpretive, Like emotions and feelings, still very important
Objective Goals - Scientific Definition: Attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time,
Things we can directly measure and put a number on, Easier to write these down and can see if we've met them
Outcome Goals - Focus on a competitive result of an event(ex. beating someone),
Dependent on final product, Leads to maintained effort, This can lead to frustration and quitting if people do not meet this type of goal, sometimes it becomes too important
Performance Goals - Focus on achieving standards of performance or objectives independently of other competitors-usually making comparisons with one's own previous performance,
Beating your performance next time, This is good intermediate goal
Process Goals - Focus on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well,
100% control over these, Use these to work on performance and outcome goals, We have no control over outcome but controlling this can help
Type of Goals and Behavior Change - -Outcome, performance, and process goals all play roles in behavior change, The key is knowing where to focus each goal, Being able to adjust and see how the types of goals interact with each other
-Don't focus all your attention on outcome goals
-Use a combination of all three types of goals
-Outcome goals can facilitate short-term motivation but often lead to anxiety before and during competition(not always in control)
-Performance and process goals are more precise than outcome goals and less dependent on the behavior of others(we completely control these and others can't change us meeting them, can lead to better performance and possibly better outcome but we don't know for sure, others may perform even better)
-Performance and process goals are particularly useful before or during competition
-Too much focus on a specific performance goal(ex. running a personal best) can create anxiety as well
-Process goals have all advantages of performance goals(no disadvantages, focus on the process)
Importance of Subjective Goals - -Subjective goals are not the focus of sport and psychology research, but they are useful(things that tend to make you feel good, so you repeat)
-Considerable attention has been paid to subjective goals in the literature on personal productivity and applied business management
-Identify and clarify personal values and priorities via subjective goals
-Then link subjective goals to specific objective goals
Is Goal Setting Effective? - -Research in business and general psychology has shown that goal setting works extremely well in enhancing performance
-Goal-setting effectiveness has been demonstrated in 20 countries in studies with more than 40,000 participants using over 90 tasks
Goal-Setting Research - -Meta-analyses(statistical reviews of the literature) show that goal setting works
-In sport and exercise psychology, goal setting has been shown to work well, although not quite as well as it does in business
-Almost all athletes use some type of goal setting to enhance performance
-Top three goals for athletes are: Improving performance, Winning, and Enjoyment
-Athletes prefer moderately difficult, difficult, and very difficult goals(set challenging meaningful goals that have rewards, easy goals don't have rewards)
-Women set goals more often and find them more effective than men do
-Athletes do not systematically write down goals(just like most people, not many write their goals down on a piece of paper)
-The more experience athletes have with goal setting, the better they are at developing effective goal-setting strategies
-Athletes set goals to provide direction and help them stay focused and sustain effort
-Athletes using multiple goal strategies exhibit the best performance
-Individual differences must be considered(sometimes goals might conflict with one another)
Major Goal Barriers for College Athletes - Lack of Time, Stress, Fatigue, Academic Pressure, and Social Relationships
Major Goal Barriers for Olympians - Lack of Confidence, Lack of Goal Feedback, Too Many Goals or Conflicting Goals, Lack of Time, Work Commitments, and Family and Personal Relationships
Goal-Setting Practices of Coaches - -Virtually all coaches set goals for competition and practice(individual and team) as well as personal coaching-related goals
-There was a good deal of variability in coaches' understanding of the principles of goal setting as well as in the frequency with which they used goals
-Coaches reevaluated their goals
-Coaches dictated some goals and got input from the players about others
-Although coaches used performance, process, and outcome goals, they tended to favor performance and process goals
-The main reason for setting goals was to provide purpose and direction, followed by player improvement and fostering team cohesion(team goals)
-Goal barriers were seen as physical(ex. injury), psychological(ex. lack of confidence), and external(ex. parental over involvement)
-The most important aspect of goal commitment was personal enjoyment
-The only disadvantage to goal setting was seen when goals were set too high and produced consistent failure
-Coaches set both short-and long-term goals but focused more on short-term goals that provided feedback on the progression toward meeting the long-term goals
-Coaches were inconsistent in writing down their goals [Show Less]