What are the 6 steps of the nursing process?
1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis
3. Outcome
4. Planning
5. Implementation
6. Evaluation
Assessment
... [Show More] Definition (nursing process)
1. Collect data
2. Use evidence-based assessment techniques
3. Document relevant data
Diagnosis Definition (nursing process)
1. Compare clinical findings with normal and abnormal variation and developmental events
2. Interpret data-- make & test hypotheses
3. Validate diagnoses
4. Document diagnoses
Outcome Identification Definition (nursing process)
1. Identify expected outcomes
2. Individualize to the person
3. Culturally appropriate
4. Realistic and measurable
5. Include a timeline
Planning Definition (nursing process)
1. ESTABLISH PRIORITIES
2. Develop Outcomes
3. Set timelines for outcomes
4. IDENTIFY interventions
5. Integrate evidence-based trends and research
6. Document plan of care
Implementation Definition (nursing process)
1. Implement in a safe and timely manner
2. Use evidence-based interventions
3. Collaborate with colleagues
4. Use community resources
5. Coordinate care delivery
6. Provide health teaching and health promotion
7. Document implementation and any modifications.
Evaluation Definition (nursing process)
1. Progress toward outcomes
2. Conduct systematic, ongoing, criterion-based evaluation.
3. Include patient and significant others
4. Use ongoing assessment to revise diagnoses, outcomes, and plan
5. Distribute results to patient and family
Acute pain
1. Is short term and self-limiting, often follows a predictable trajectory, and dissipates after an injury heals.
2.Self-protective purpose; it warns the individual of actual or threatened tissue damage.
Chronic Pain
1.Over 6 months in duration
2.Adaptive responses
Phantom pain
1. Pain where limb used to exist
Malignant pain Vs nonmalignant pain
1. Malignant pain is cancer-related and is caused by tumor cells that cause necrosis or stretching.
2. Nonmalignant pain is often associated with musculoskeletal conditions.
Visceral pain
Originates from internal organs.
Somatic pain and deep somatic pain
1. Somatic pain originates from musculoskeletal tissues or the body surface
2. Deep somatic pain comes from sources such as blood vessels, joints, tendons, muscles, and bone.
Referred pain
Pain that is felt at a particular site but originates from another location.
Nociceptive pain
1. Develops when functioning and intact nerve fibers in CNS are stimulated.
2. They are triggered by events outside nervous system from actual or potential tissue damage.
3.Nociception can be divided into four phases:
(1) Transduction:
(2) Transmission: the pain impulse moves from the level of the spinal cord to the brain.
(3) Perception: signifies the conscious awareness of a painful sensation
(4) Modulation: a built-in mechanism that will eventually slow down and stop the processing of a painful stimulus
Neuropathic pain
1. Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.
2. This implies an abnormal processing of pain message from an INJURY to the NERVE FIBERS.
3. This pain is very difficult to treat and assess.
Subjective Data
Pain is always subjective. What the patient is complaining of; SYMPTOM
Objective data
What the nurse observes; SIGN
Nutritional Status
This balance is affected by many factors, including physiologic, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and economic factors
Nutritional Assessment
Food intake
24 hour recall
Food diary
Food frequency
Direct observation
Anthropometric measurements
Swallowing assessment prn
Lab tests
Pain assessment tools
1. Brief pain inventory: asks the patient to rate the pain within the past 24 hours using graduated scales (0 to 10) with respect to its impact on areas such as mood, walking ability, and sleep
2. McGill Pain Questionnaire: The short-form McGill Pain, asks the patient to rank a list of descriptors in terms of their intensity and to give an overall intensity rating to his or her pain
3. Initial Pain assessment: asks the patient to answer 8 questions concerning location, duration, quality, intensity, and aggravating/relieving factors.
4. Pain rating scales
5. Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale
Pain Assessment
Posture/behavior
Facial expression
Sounds
Skin inspection/palpation
BP/pulse/respirations
Pupil size
How to assess domestic violence
"Abuse assessment screen" is a tool used by many healthcare providers.
Pulse Oximetry
Noninvasive
Estimate arterial oxygen saturation in blood
Normal Resp. Rate for adult
10-20
Normal BP for Adult
120/80
BMI requirements for being underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese.
Underweight = 18.5 BMI
Normal weight = 18.5- 24.9 BMI
Overweight= 25-29.9 BMI
Obese= 30+ BMI
How to document pulse
0=absent
1+= weak
2+= normal
3+= bounding
Definition of Eupnea
Normal/good breathing
Definition of Apnea
Breathing has stopped
What does the acronym PQRSTU stand for?
P= Precipitating/palliative/provocative, what brings it on? What were you doing when you noticed it?
Q= Quality or Quantity, how does it feel, sound? How intense/severe is it?
R=Region or Radiation, Where is it? Does it spread anywhere?
S= Severity Scale, Scale of 1-10. Is it getting better/worse?
T= Timing/ onset. When did it first occur? Duration? How long did it last? Frequency?
U= Understand patient's perception of the problem. What do you think it means?
Vital Signs Influences
Blood Pressure
Age
Gender
Race
Diurnal variations
Emotions
Pain
Personal habits
Weight
Respiratory Rate
Exercise and anxiety
Heart Rate (Pulse)
Exercise, age, gender, anxiety, pain
Temperature
Diurnal variations - Lowest early AM, highest late afternoon/early evening
Exercise – rises
Menstrual cycle – increase mid cycle ovulation to menses
Age – very young wider variation; older typically lower
Drinks hot or cold
Normal pulse rate for adult
50-90
What happens to BP if cuff is too small or big?
If too small it will increase BP
If too big it will lower BP
Normal Oral temp + range
98.6. Range of 96.4 to 99.1
Is it normal for new born infant’s rectal temps to be higher?
Yes, average is 100
How do you measure BP cuff size?
With of bladder should equal 40% of circumference of persons arm.
Length of bladder should equal 80% of circumference.
What is the working phase of the interview?
The working phase is the data-gathering phase.
What are the steps to the "Tools of a physical Assessment", 4 Steps
1. Inspection—Visual examination of body
2. Palpation—texture, temp., rigidity, lumps, masses
3. Percussion—to evaluate size, borders, consistency, tenderness, extent of fluid
4. Auscultation—listening to sounds body produces; pitch, loud or soft, duration, and quality
Delirium Vs Dementia
1. Delirium is an ACUTE confusion state
2. Dementia is a CHRONIC progressive loss of cognitive & intellectual functions. Disorientation, judgment loss, memory loss, impaired.
Complete total health database
Includes complete health history and full physical examination
Describes current and past health state and forms baseline to measure all future changes
Yields first diagnoses
Episodic or problem-centered database
For limited or short-term problems
Concerns mainly one problem, one cue complex, or one body system
History and examination follow direction of presenting concern
Follow-up database
Status of all identified problems should be evaluated at regular and appropriate intervals
Note changes that have occurred
Evaluate whether problem is getting better or worse
Identify coping strategies being used
Emergency database
Rapid collection of data, often compiled concurrently with lifesaving measures
Diagnosis must be rapid and comprehensive in nature
Two primary components of health assessment
Health history
Physical examination
Health history = Subjective data
Physical Assessment – Objective Data
Therapeutic Communication
Open ended questions: narrative information; tell me about you, how are you doing today?
Closed ended questions: specific information; do you have pain
BARRIERS TO COMMUICATION
Lack of interest or attention/ lack of respect
Physical barriers – a curtain, a door, a computer, a monitor, pain, room temperature
The patient’s inability to hear you, hearing deficit, or language barrier
Language/ use of jargon, or speaking above someone's educational level
Safety – fear
Psychological barriers – embarrassment, disbelief, shock, anger, fear, grief, fatigue, hostility
Culture
Nonphysical traits – values, attitudes, beliefs, customs
Race – Identification of individuals or groups by shared genetic heritage and biological or physical characteristics
Ethnicity – associated with culture; awareness of belonging to a group in which certain characteristics differentiate from one group to another
Material – dress, tools, art and ways they are used
NON material – verbal and nonverbal language, beliefs, customs, social structures.
Ethnocentrism – to believe one’s own beliefs or way of life as ‘superior’
Acculturation– Adapting to and acquiring another culture
Assimilation– Developing new cultural identity and becoming like the dominant culture; more two way; new affecting old
Biculturalism– Divided loyalty, identifies with two cultures
Causes of illness
Biomedical
Disease caused by bacteria, viruses, etc.
Involves scientific theories for cause of illness
Naturalistic
Illness caused when there is loss of natural balance
May align with yin/yang, hot & cold theory
Magicoreligious
Illness caused by supernatural force
May use folk remedies
Culturally Competent
Know self, understand own heritage
Identify meaning of health to someone else
Understand health care delivery system
Gain knowledge re social backgrounds of clients
Be familiar with language, resources for interpreters, and resources within community
6 steps of nursing process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcome identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Assessment
Interview, health history, ROS, physical examination, functional assessment, spiritual and cultural assessment
Subjective data
What patient SAYS
Objective data
What you OBSERVE
SMART component in outcome identification
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time bound
First level priority
Emergent situations, life threading and needs immediate attention
Second level priority
Requires attention to avoid further deterioration
Third level priorirty
Can be addressed after more important problems are addressed
Complete total health Database
Full health history, and physical exam
Yields first diagnosis
Current and past health state
Focused or problem centered database
Limited and short term problems
Concerned with mainly one problem, or one body system
Follow up database
Follow up care to evaluate if problem is getting better or worse
Emergency database
Rapid urgent collection of data
Radio diagnosis
Primary prevention
Preventing health problems
Ex: vaccines, safety glasses
Secondary prevention
Timely screenings to catch a problem early and reduce impact
Example: mammograms
Tertiary prevention
Decrease impact of ongoing problem
Example: cardiac rehab, support group.
2 primary components of health assessment
Health history= subjective
Physical examination = objective
PQRSTU method of pain assessment
Provocative/ palliative
Quality/ quantity
Region/ radiation
Severity scale
Timing (onset)
Understand patient perception of the problem
Organic disorder
Disorder of the brain
Psychiatric disorders
Not yet determined to be organic
More complete mental assessment maybe necessary if:
Patients has anxiety/depression
If family is concerned
Deterioration in status from last visit
Aphasia
Acute psychiatric illness
Objective cues of mental health
ABCT
Appearance
Behavior
Cognitive function
Thought process
Delirium
Sudden onset
Altered consciousness
Rapid mood swings
Rapid, inappropriate, rambling speech
Can be reversed
Can cause fever, pain, low blood glucose, infection
Dementia
Slow and gradual onset
Flat agitation
Consciousness not altered
Repetitious speech
Can't be reverse
Can cause HIV, chronic alcoholism, Alzheimer's
Ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
Ethnicity
Associated with culture
Awareness of belonging to a group in which certain characteristics differentiate from one group to another
Race
Identification of individual groups by shared genetic heritage and biological or physical characteristics
Acculturation
Adapting to and acquiring another culture
Assimilation
Developing a new culture identity and becoming like the dominant culture
Biculturalism
Identifies with two cultures
Biomedical cause of illness
Disease caused by bacteria, viruses
Involves scientific theories
Naturalistic cause of illness
Illness caused due to loss of natural balance
Yin/yang or hot and cold theory
Magioreligious
Illness caused by supernatural forces
Percussion
The sharp striking of one thing against another.
Used to evaluate the size, borders, consistency, tenderness, extent of fluid
Striking produces vibration
Direct percussion
Sinuses, CVA tenderness
Indirect percussion
Thorax, abdomen
Flatness
Bone or muscle
Dullness
Heart, liver, spleen
Resonance
Air filled lungs. Hollow
Hyper resonance
an abnormal booming sound produced during percussion of the lungs. Emphysematous lung
Tympany
Air filled stomach (drumlike)
Auscultation
Listening to sound produced by body
Pulse oximetry
Estimates oxygen saturation in blood
Normal value: 95-100%
COPD patients might have high 80s
Temperature
Normal range: 96.4 to 99.1 F
Most accurate temperature
Rectal
Pulse
Normal range 50-95 bpm
Ear canal in older
Pull and up
Ear canal in children
Pull and down
Pulse and respiration rate is _________ in infants
Faster
Nociceptive pain
Acute pain starts outside the nervous system
Responsive to anti-inflammatory and opiates
Neuropathic pain
Chronic pain
Abnormal processing
Numbness, tingling, shooting, burning, phantom pain
From injury to nerve fibers or CNS
Phantom pain
Pain felt in a body part that is no longer there
Referred pain
Felt at a site different from organ affected
Breakthrough pain
Pain restarts or escalates before next scheduled analgesic dose
What does OLDCARTS stand for?
Onset
Location
Duration
Characteristics
Aggravating/associated factor
Relieving factors
Treatments thus far
Significance of symptoms
When do you use "old carts"?
Whenever a patient reports a symptom, it needs to be explored
What does IPPA stand for?
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
-perform in that order
What is an assessment?
Collection of data about the individual’s health state
Compare subjective and objective data.
Subjective data is what the person says about themselves during history taking; objective data is data you observe by inspecting, percussing, palpating, and auscultating during the physical exam
What elements form the database?
-patients record
-lab studies
-subjective data (in pt. history)
-objective data (in physical)
What is the purpose of assessment?
Make a judgement or diagnoses
What is diagnostic reasoning?
Process of analyzing health data and drawing conclusions to identify diagnoses
What are the six phases of the nursing process?
1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis
3. Outcome identification
4. Planning
5. Implementation
6. Evaluation
What are the six parts of a health assessment?
-review of the clinical record
-health history
-physical examination
-functional assessment
-risk assessment
-review of the literature
What is a nursing diagnosis?
A clinical judgement about a person’s response to an actual or potential health state
What are the three types of nursing diagnoses?
1. Actual diagnoses
2. Risk diagnoses
3. Wellness diagnoses
What is a medical diagnosis?
Diagnosis that evaluates the cause or etiology of the disease
What are the four different types of databases?
-complete
-focused or problem centered
-follow-up
-emergency
What is a complete database?
Complete health history and full physical exam
What is a focused or problem centered database?
For a limited or a short term problem
What is a follow up database?
When the status of identified problems are evaluated at regular and appropriate intervals
What is an emergency database?
A rapid collection of data, diagnosis must be swift and sure
After completing an initial assessment of a patient, the nurse has charted that his respirations are eupneic and his pulse is 58 beats per minute. These types of data would be:
Objective
A patient tells the nurse that he is very nervous, is nauseated, and "feels hot." These types of data would be:
Subjective
The patient's record, laboratory studies, objective data, and subjective data combine to form the:
Data base
When listening to a patient's breath sounds, the nurse is unsure of a sound that is heard. The nurse's next action should be to:
Validate the data by asking a coworker to listen to the breath sounds
The nurse is conducting a class for new graduate nurses. During the teaching session, the nurse should keep in mind that novice nurses, without a background of skills and experience from which to draw, are more likely to make their decisions using:
A set of rules
Expert nurses learn to attend to a pattern of assessment data and act without consciously labeling it. These responses are referred to as:
Intuition
The nurse is reviewing information about evidence-based practice (EBP). Which statement best reflects EBP?
EBP emphasizes the use of best evidence with the clinician's experience
The nurse is conducting a class on priority setting for a group of new graduate nurses. Which is an example of a first-level priority problem?
Individual with shortness of breath and respiratory distress
When considering priority setting problems, the nurse keeps in mind that second-level priority problems include which of these aspects?
Abnormal laboratory values
Which critical thinking skill helps the nurse see relationships among the data?
Clustering related cues
The nurse knows that developing appropriate nurse interventions for a patient relies on the appropriateness of the ________ diagnosis
Nursing
The nursing process is a sequential method of problem solving that nurses use and includes which steps?
Assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation
A newly admitted patient is in acute pain, has not been sleeping well lately, and is having difficulty breathing. How should the nurse prioritize these problems?
Breathing, pain, sleep
Which of these would be formulated by a nurse using diagnostic reasoning?
Diagnostic hypothesis
Barriers to incorporating EBP include:
Nurses' lack of research skills in evaluating the quality of research studies
What step of the nursing process includes data collection by health history, physical examination, and interview?
Assessment
During a staff meeting, nurses discuss the problems with accessing research studies to incorporate evidence based clinical decision making into their practice. Which suggestion by the nurse manager would best help these problems?
Teach the nurses how to conduct electronic searches for research studies
When reviewing the concepts of health, the nurse recalls that the components of holistic health include with of these?
Holistic health views the mind, body, and spirit as interdependent
The nurse recognizes that the concept of prevention in describing health is essential because:
Prevention places the emphasis on the link between health and personal behavior
The nurse is performing a physical assessment on a newly admitted patient. An example of objective information obtained during the physical assessment includes the:
2x5 cm scar on the right lower forearm
A visiting nurse is making an initial home visit for a patient who has many chronic medical problems. Which type of data base is more appropriate to collect in this setting?
A complete health data base because of the nurse’s primary responsibility for monitoring the patient's health
Which situation is more appropriate during which the nurse performs a focused or problem centered history?
Patient in an outpatient clinic has cold and influenza-like symptoms
A patient is at the clinic to have her blood pressure checked. She has been coming to the clinic weekly since she changed medications 2 months ago. The nurse should:
Collect a follow-up data base and then check her blood pressure
A patient is brought by ambulance to the emergency department with multiple traumas received in an automobile accident. He is alert and cooperative, but his injuries are quite severe. How would the nurse proceed with data collection?
Simultaneously ask history questions while performing the examination and initiating life-saving measures
A 42-year-old patient of Asian descent is being seen at the clinic for an initial examination. The nurse knows that including cultural information in his health assessment is important to:
Provide culturally sensitive and appropriate care
In the health promotional model, the focus of the health professional includes:
Helping the consumer choose a healthier lifestyle
The nurse has implemented several planned interventions to address the nursing diagnosis of acute pain. Which would be the next appropriate action?
Evaluate the individual's condition, and compare actual outcomes with expected outcomes
Which statement best describes a proficient nurse? A proficient nurse is one who:
Understands a patient situation as a whole rather than a list of tasks and recognizes the long-term goals for the patient
The nurse is reviewing data collected after an assessment. Of the data listed below, which would be considered related cues that would be clustered together during data analysis? Select all that apply.
a. Inspiratory wheezes noted in left lower lobes
c. Nonproductive cough
e. Patient reports dyspnea upon exertion
f. Rate of respirations 16 breaths per minute
Put the following patient situations in order according to the level of priority.
1st: A teenager who was stung by a bee during a soccer match is having trouble breathing.
2nd: An older adult with a urinary tract infection is also showing signs of confusion and agitation.
3rd: A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus does not know how to check his own blood glucose levels with a glucometer.
A teenager who was stung by a bee during a soccer match is having trouble breathing.
First level priority problems
An older adult with a urinary tract infection is also showing signs of confusion and agitation
Second level priority problems
A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus does not know how to check his own blood glucose levels with a glucometer.
Third level priority problems
The nurse is reviewing data collected after an assessment. Of the data listed below, which would be considered related cues that would be clustered together during data analysis?
Inspiratory wheezes notes in the left lower lobes, Nonproductive cough, Patient reports dyspnea upon exertion, Rate of respirations 16 breaths per minute [Show Less]