The 4 things that viruses lack - (1) Enzymes that produce basic chemical building blocks
(2) Enzyme systems that generate usable energy
(3)
... [Show More] Enzymes/tRNAs/ribosomes that direct protein synthesis
(4) Membranes that concentrate and localize key molecules
All viruses have _______ and _______, while only some viruses have ________. - nucleic acids and a capsid; an envelope
A ________ is a complete, infectious virus particle. - virion
Naked capsids are ______ to drying, heat, detergents, and acid. - resistant
Enveloped capsids are ________ to drying, heat, detergents, and acid. - sensitive
General stages of virus infection - 1) Adsorption
2) Entry
3) Uncoating
4) Early genes
5) Replication
6) Late genes
7) Assembly
8) Packaging
9) Release
Immunofluorescence - method that uses virus-specific antibodies to detect a specific viral protein, usually in a tissue section biopsy or cells from fluid
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) - method that uses virus-specific antibodies to detect virus particles or secreted viral proteins in fluid
Electron microscopy - method used to detect viral particles in lesions
Cytopathic effects include: - -Cell lysis
-Rounding (or other morphological changes)
-Syncytia
-Inclusion bodies
Transformed cells display one or more of these changes: - -Loss of anchorage dependence
-Loss of contact inhibition
-Colony formation
-Immortalization
-Tumor formation in immunocompromised mice
Why do virus preps have such low infectivity? - -Not all virus particles are intact
-Virus particles can contain defective genomes
-Virus particles can be empty
-Cells have antiviral defense mechanisms
Serology - the diagnostic detection of antibodies in serum, to measure the immune response to viral infection
Antibodies to virus proteins are generated by _____ in response to infection. - B cells
Pathogenesis - the process by which one organism causes disease in another
The majority of viral infections are __________. - subclinical
Two components of viral disease: - -Effects of virus replication on the host
-Effects of host response on virus and the host
Tamiflu is a ________ inhibitor. - neuraminidase
An example of a live attenuated vaccine is: - polio vaccine.
An example of a subunit vaccine is: - Hep B vaccine
The ____________ is the most common route of viral entry. - respiratory tract
Mechanical barriers to infection in the respiratory tract include: - -Mucus traps viruses
-ciliary action propels viruses out of the lungs
-sneezing
-coughing
Cellular barriers to infection in the respiratory tract include: - macrophages in alveoli
Humoral barriers to infection in the respiratory tract include: - IgA
Virus infection of cultured cells can be observed by cytopathic effect (CPE), which most frequently manifests as: - cell lysis
The most common method to quantify virus infection in a laboratory is by: - plaque assay
Hemaglutination assay can be used to quantify viruses that are able to bind to: - red blood cells [Show Less]