Normal BMI - 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight BMI - 25 - 29.9
Obese BMI - greater than or equal to 30
Total fiber for women in a day - 25 g/day
Total
... [Show More] fiber for men in a day - 38 g/day
Complete proteins - from animal sources and soy, contain sufficient amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Ex. milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs
Incomplete proteins - generally from plant sources, contain all 9 amino acids. However, one or more of the amino acids is not adequate for protein synthesis
Cholesterol intake - 200-300 mg/day
Fat intake - 20% to 35% of total calories
10% or less of total calories should come from saturated fat sources
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Major actions - Antioxidant, tissue building, iron absorption
Major sources - citrus fruits and juices, vegetables
Deficiency - scurvy, decreased iron absorption, bleeding gums
Thiamin (B1) - Major actions - muscle energy, energy metabolism
Major sources - meats, grains, legumes
Deficiency - Beriberi, headache, weight loss, fatigue
Riboflavin (B2) - Major actions - Assists with releasing energy from cells
Major sources - milk, meats, dark leafy vegetables
Deficiency - skin eruptions, cracked lips, red swollen tongue
Niacin (B3) - Major actions - energy and protein metabolism, cellular metabolism
Major sources - liver, nuts, legumes
Deficiency - pellagra, skin lesions, GI and CNS findings, dementia
Pantothenic acid - Major actions - carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Major sources - meats, whole grain cereals, dried peas and beans
Deficiency - Rare; generalized body system failure
Pyridoxine (B6) - Major actions - cellular function, heme and neurotransmitter synthesis
Major sources - Meats, grains, and legumes
Deficiency - microcytic anemia, CNS disturbances, poor growth
Folate - Major actions - Synthesis of amino acids and hemoglobin, formation of fetal neural tube
Major sources - liver, green leafy vegetables, legumes
Deficiency - Megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbance
Cobalamin (B12) - Major actions - folate activation, red blood cell maturation
Major sources - meats, clams, oysters, eggs, dairy products
Deficiency - pernicious anemia, GI findings, poor muscle coordination, paresthesia of the hands and feet
Vitamin A - Major actions - normal vision, tissue strength, growth and immune system function
Major sources - Orange/yellow fruits and vegetables, fatty fish, dairy
Deficiency - reduced night vision, dry/thick corneas, mucosa changes
Vitamin D - Major actions - maintain serum calcium and phosphorus, aid in bone development
Major sources - fish, fortified dairy products, egg yolks, sunlight
Deficiency - low serum calcium, fragile bones, rickets, osteomalacia in adults
Vitamin E - Major actions - protects vitamin A from oxidation
Major sources - vegetable oils, grains, nuts, dark green vegetables
Deficiency - anemia, edema and skin lesions in infants
Vitamin K - Major actions - essential for prothrombin synthesis, aids in bone metabolism
Major sources - green leafy vegetables, eggs
Deficiency - increased bleeding times
Sodium (Na) - Normal - 136 to 145 mEq/L
Major Actions- maintains fluid volume, allows muscle contractions, contributes to nerve impulse
Major Sources- table salt, added salts, processed foods
Findings of Deficiency- muscle cramping, memory loss, anorexia
Nursing Considerations- monitor level of consciousness, edema, and BP
Potassium (K) - Normal - 3.5 to 5 mEq/L
Major Actions- maintains fluid volumes inside cells, muscle action
Major Sources- oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, meats, whole grains
Findings of Deficiency- dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion [Show Less]