Forensic Psychology Exam - Questions & Answers Eysenck proposed behavior represented along 2 dimensions: 1. introversion/extraversion (E) and
... [Show More] neuroticism/stability (N), form variety of personality characteristics/traits, later added psychoticism (P) Criminal personality Neurotic-extravert Also score highly on psychoticism (cold, unemotional) Level of Moral Reasoning Kohlberg proposed people's decisions and judgements on issues of right and wrong can be summarized in a stage theory of moral development Kohlberg's Developed levels of moral reasoning Heinz Dilemma Used to measure kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning Cognitive Distortions Errors or biases in information processing system characterized by faulty thinking, criminals interpret other people's behavior and justify their own actions Hostile Attribution Bias Misinterpreting actions of others, misread non-aggressive cues triggering violent disproportionate response Minimalization Attempt to deny or downplay seriousness of an offence, especially common with sexual offenders Differential Association Theory Proposes individuals learn values, attitudes etc. for criminal behavior through interaction with different people Sutherland developed differential association theory Pro-Criminal Attitudes Exposed to values of groups towards crime. If these outweighs anti criminal attitudes = offending Differential association theory proposes possibility to mathematically predict if frequency, intensity and duration of exposure is known Superego part of the personality that acts as a moral center Weak Superego Same-sex parent absent during phallic stage, child cannot internalize a fully-formed superego as no opportunity for identification Deviant Superego Internalized superego which is immoral or has deviant values Over-Harsh Superego Individual is crippled by guilt and anxiety, unconsciously drives individual to perform criminal acts in order to satisfy superego's need for punishment Maternal Deprivation Theory 44 thieves study, affectionless psychopathy 12/14 with prolonged separation Deterrence Unpleasant prison experience designed to put off individuals offending Works on 2 levels: general (broad message to members of society crime isn't tolerated) and individual (recidivism, punishment) Incapacitation Offender taken out of society for protection of public Depends upon severity of offence and nature of offender Retribution Revenge for crime by making offender suffer Level of suffering proportional to seriousness of crime Rehabilitation Reform offender, rejoin society, prison should provide opportunities to develop Recidivism Refers to reoffending, 57% of UK offenders will reoffend within a year of release Token Economy Based on operant conditioning, reinforce desirable behavior with token that can be exchanged for reward Cognitive Behavior Treatment Novaco suggests cognitive factors trigger [Show Less]