Where does the name Vitamin come from? - Vital amines --> Vitamines, but when it was discovered they weren't amines, the E was dropped
Fat soluble
... [Show More] vitamins - A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins - C, B
What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why? - B4, B8, B10, B11
Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy
EV McCollum and vitamins - Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia (inflammation of the eye) and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi
Factor A --> Vitamin A
Factor B --> B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s)
Thiamin cofactor - Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Riboflavin cofactor - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Niacin cofactor - Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Pantothenic Acid cofactor - Coenzyme A
Vitamin B6 cofactor - Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Folate cofactor - Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Vitamin B12 cofactor - Adensosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins - B
Why must we consume B vitamins? - Cofactors
Mineral amount classifcation - Amount required
Macromineral > Trace Minerals > Ultratrace Minerals
DRIs - EAR
RDA
AI
UL
Dietary guideliens - Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and health maintenance
DRI definition - Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components to be of benefit
Dietary guidelines vs DRI - Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals
RDA
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - Recommended Dietary Allowance
Asses quality of people's diets
Meets needs of 97.5% of the population
Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations)
EAR
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - Estimated Average Requirement
Estimated quality of 50% of the population
Requires applicable research
Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA - .5 (50%) EAR
.025 (25%) RDA
Formula for setting RDA - EAR + 2 standard deviations
AI
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - Adequate Intake
Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup
Not research based
Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
UL
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals of a population
First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors
NOAEL and LOAEL - No observed adverse effect level
Lowest observed adverse effect level
*Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL
Most americans don't meet the EAR for which vitamins/minerals? - A, C, E, Magnesium
Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (8) - *Vitamin E*
*Vitamin C*
Riboflavin
*Selenium*
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Manganese [Show Less]