Upper Airway - ANSWER-Consists of all structures above the level of the vocal cords. The nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity and pharynx.
Lower Airway -
... [Show More] ANSWER-Function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Starts at the larynx. Spans from the glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane.
Turbinates - ANSWER-Increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, thereby improving the processes of warming, filtering and humidification of inhaled air.
Hyoid Bone - ANSWER-Small, horseshoe shaped bone that attaches to the tongue.
Thyroid Cartilage - ANSWER-Adams apple. Directly anterior to the glottic opening.
Cricoid Cartilage - ANSWER-AKA Cricoid Ring, forms the lowest portion of the larynx, and the first ring of the trachea.
Cricothyroid Membrane - ANSWER-Site for emergency surgical and nonsurgical access to the airway. Between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage.
Vellecula - ANSWER-Anatomic space or "pocket" located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. Where the MAC blade goes.
Laryngospasm - ANSWER-When the airway is stimulated (such as during aspiration of foreign material or submersion incident), defensive reflexes cause a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords, which seals off the airway.
Trachea - ANSWER-AKA Windpipe, is the conduit for air entry into the lungs. Approx 10-12 cm long, & consists of C-Shaped Cartilaginous rings. Begins immediately below the cricoid cartilage. Divides into the right and left mainstem bronchi at the level of the Carina.
Mediastinum - ANSWER-The space between the lungs that contains, in addition to the trachea, the heart, great vessels, and a portion of the esophagus. Main thing to know- the heart is housed there.
Carina - ANSWER-Where the right and left mainstem bronchi branch off.
Goblet Cells - ANSWER-Mucous producing cells, that are lined in the trachea and bronchi. They trap small particles and other potential contaminants.
Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors - ANSWER-Stimulate bronchodilation.
# of Lobes in each Lung - ANSWER-Right lung- 3, Left lung- 2.
Visceral pleura - ANSWER-Thin, slippery, outer membrane covering the lungs.
Parietal Pluera - ANSWER-Lines the inside of the thoracic cavity.
Bronchioles - ANSWER-Made of smooth muscle & lined with beta-2 receptors, which can dilate and constrict based on stimuli.
Alveoli - ANSWER-Balloon-like clusters of single-layer air sacs, and serve as the functional site for the exchange of oxygen and CO2. This exchange occurs by simple diffusion over the pulmonary capillaries.
Ventilation - ANSWER-Process of moving air in and out of the lungs. Consist of two phases- inhalation and exhalation.
Oxygenation - ANSWER-Process of loading O2 molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream.
Respiration - ANSWER-Actual exchange of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli and the tissues of the body.
Inhalation - ANSWER-Air enters the body, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. When the diaphragm contracts, it descends and enlarges the thoracic cage from top to bottom. When the intercostal muscles contract, they lift the ribs up and out.
Diaphragm - ANSWER-Stimulated by the Phrenic Nerve, it is a voluntary and involuntary muscle.
Accessory Muscles - ANSWER-Secondary muscles of breathing, and include the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck.
Negative Pressure Ventilation - ANSWER-The air outside the body, is normally higher in pressure than the air within the thorax. During inhalation, the thoracic cage expands and the air within the thorax decreases, creating a slight vacuum. The vacuum pulls the air in through the trachea, causing the lungs to fill.
Positive Pressure Ventilation - ANSWER-With ineffective chest movement, or no chest movement, negative intrathoracic pressure cannot be created. When this occurs, the only way to move air into the lungs is by PPV, the forcing of air into the lungs.
Tidal Vol/Dead Space/Residual Vol/Total Lung Capacity - ANSWER-Tidal- 500ml
Total Lung Capacity- 6,000ml/5-6L
Dead Space- 150ml
Residual Vol- 1,200ml
Hering- Breuer Reflex - ANSWER-Terminates inhalation to prevent over-expansion of the lungs.
Medulla - ANSWER-Primary involuntary (autonomic) respiratory center. Connected to the respiratory muscles by the vagus nerve. The medullary respiratory center controls the rate, depth, and rhythm of breathing.
Chemoreceptors - ANSWER-Receptors that monitor the chemical composition (pH, CO2,) of body fluids that are located throughout the body. They measure the amount of CO2 in arterial blood and pH in CSF, and if sensed any changes will send signals to the respiratory center.
Dorsal Respiratory Group - ANSWER-Responsible for initiating inspiration based on the information received in the chemoreceptors.
Ventral Respiratory Group - ANSWER-Responsible for motor control of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
Hypoxic Drive - ANSWER-Pt's with COPD have a hard time eliminating CO2, therefore always have higher levels of it. The respiratory centers gradually accommodate elevated CO2 levels. The body uses a backup system, that stimulates breathing when the arterial O2 level falls, but then nerves and receptors are easily satisfied with minimal O2.
Aerobic Metabolism - ANSWER-In the presence of oxygen, the cells convert glucose into energy through this process.
Anaerobic Metabolism - ANSWER-Without adequate O2, the cells do not completely convert glucose into energy and lactic acid and other toxins accumulate into the cell. If this is not corrected (with adequate perfusion and ventilation) the cells will die.
Hypoxia - ANSWER-Dangerous condition in which the cells in the tissues do not receive enough O2.
V/Q Mismatch - ANSWER-Ventilation and perfusion must be matched. A failure to match ventilation and perfusion, lies behind most abnormalities in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Hypoventilation - ANSWER-Minute vol- decreases. CO2 elimination- decreases, leading to hypercarbia. The level of CO2 in the pt's blood will exceed normal limits.
Hyperventilation - ANSWER-Minute vol- increases. CO2 elimiation- increases, leading to hypocarbia. The level of CO2 in pt's blood will fall below normal, leading to dizziness, and numbness in the face and extremities.
Intrapulmonary Shunting - ANSWER-Blood entering the lungs from the right side of the heart, in an unoxygenated state.
Resp Acidosis - ANSWER-Anytime a pt is in resp distress or is unable to breathe, acidosis quickly develops, because of a buildup in CO2.
Resp Alkalosis - ANSWER-Alkalosis can develop if respiration's are too high, and there is not enough CO2 in the body, the body will be high in base.
Orthopnea - ANSWER-Severe dyspnea experienced when recumbent and relieved by sitting or standing up.
Apnuestic Breathing - ANSWER-Prologned, gasping inhalation followed by extremely short, ineffective exhalation; associated with brainstem insult.
Adventitious Respirations - ANSWER-Abnormal airway sounds.
Retractions - ANSWER-Skin pulling between and around the ribs during inhalation.
Paradoxical Motion - ANSWER-The inward movement of a segment of the chest during inhalation and outward movement of the chest during exhalation, opposite normal chest movement and an indication of a flail chest.
Pulsus Paradoxus - ANSWER-A clinical finding in which the systolic blood pressure drops more than 10mmHg, during inhalation. A change in pulse quality, or a disappearance of a pulse during inhalation, may also be detected. COPD, pericaridal tamponade, tension pnuemothorax, & severe asthma attack.
End- Tidal CO2 - ANSWER-Detects the presence of CO2 in exhaled air and are important adjuncts for determining ventilation adequacy. Normally range between 35-45.
Capnographer - ANSWER-Performs the same function and attaches in the same way as the capnometer, but it provides a graphic representation of exhaled carbon dioxide.
Capnometer - ANSWER-Capnometer provides a numeric reading of exhaled carbon dioxide.
Phase A of Waveform - ANSWER-First phase, is the respiratory baseline. The initial stage of exhalation; the gas sample is dead space gas, free of CO2.
Phase B of Waveform - ANSWER-Second phase, abrupt rise in CO2 due to a mixture of alveolar gas with dead space gas, called the upslope. Also phase B-C.
Phase C of Waveform - ANSWER-Expiratory or alveolar plateau is represented by phase C-D, and the gas sampled is essentially alveolar. [Show Less]