What is waste product of ATP synthesis? Carbon Dioxide
Define alveoli and their function
Millions of thin-walled, microscopic air sacs
Function:
... [Show More] exchanges gases with the bloodstream through the alveolar wall and then it flows back out.
What are roof and floor of nasal cavity? Ethmoid and Sphenoid bones form roof
Hard palate forms floor (separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and allows you to breathe while you chew
Know bones, which have paranasal sinuses
Paranasal: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary (largest)
Know anatomy of nasal cavity and pharynx divisions
Vestibule: beginning of nasal cavity (lined with stratified squamous epithelium)
Vibrissae – stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering npse Nasal Conchae – project from lateral walls toward septum (superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
Pharynx:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Where is located olfactory epithelium? What type of epithelium is in nasal cavity? Detects odors, covers a small area of the roof of nasal fossa.
Has Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells Immobile cilia to bind odorant molecules
What is Eustachian tube, and which two structures link Eustachian tube?
Auditory tube – links the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
Know anatomy of larynx and its 9 cartilages
Voice box
9 cartilages:
Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilages (2)
Corniculate cartilages (2)
Arytenoid cartilages (2)
Which two guards play role in keeping food and drink out of the airway in larynx?
Vestibular folds and Epiglottis
Define mucociliary escalator and its function
Mechanism for debris removal (mucus traps inhaled particles, upward beating cilia drives mucus toward pharynx where it is swallowed)
Know trachea anatomy
Trachea – rigid tube (windpipe), found anterior to esophagus
Supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Opening in rings faces posteriorly toward esophagus
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Middle layer : connective tissue beneath tracheal epithelium – contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and serous glands and the tracheal cartilages
Adventitia – outmost layer of trachea (fibrous connective tissue that blends into adventitia of other organs)
Right and left main Bronchi – trachea forks at level of sternal angle (Carina – directs the airflow to the right and left)
Know bronchial tree division. What is function and origin of bronchial artery?
Main (primary) bronchi – supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage RT. Main bronchus – branch 2 to 3cm long, arising from fork of
trachea. (right bronchus slightly wider and more vertical than left)
Aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge right bronchus more often than left
Lt. Main Bronchus – 5cm long, slightly narrower and more horizontal than right
Lobar (Secondary) bronchi – supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates
Three right. Lobar bronchi (superior, middle, inferior)
Two left lobar bronchi (superior and inferior) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi – supported by crescent-shaped hyaline cartilage plates [Show Less]