1. descartes believed that muscle movements were controlled by the soul traveling through hollow tubes in the body. We now know these hollow tubes to be .
... [Show More] 2. psychology was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in in . 3. when Christopher observed the animal rock- ing back and forth just prior to launching into the air to catch his prey, he wondered how rocking back and forth benefited the animal in catching his prey. in doing this, he is taking a perspective. 4. is to structuralism as is to functionalism. 5. Edward Titchener believed that experiences could be . 6. Jessa is focused on studying the structure and function of the nervous system to under- stand certain behaviors. Jessa is interested in the approach in psychology. 7. is a field of psychology concerned with mental processes such as perception, thinking, learning, and memory. 8. Dr. Randell sees clients who want to stop smoking. She suggests behavioral modifica- tion programs to help her clients stop smok- ing. Dr. Randell is most likely a psy- chologist. 9. Dr. Taki is a psychologist who works in an aca- demic setting to help students with learning nerves Germany; 1879 functionalist titchener; james broken down into individ- ual emotions and sensa- tions biological cognitive psychology clinical school psychologist and behavioral problems. Dr. Taki is likely to be a . 10. which of the following perspectives best rep- resents the psychodynamic approach in psy- chology? 11. in the famous experiment involving "little albert," Watson demonstrated that could be conditioned. 12. Girard set a goal with his therapist to "achieve his full potential." he is using various activi- ties to learn and grow. according to Maslow, Girard is trying to achieve . Katrina, who believes that most of her clients are struggling because of un- conscious drives that want to be fulfilled. fear self-actualization 13. correlation causation. does not equal 14. studies allow researchers to measure the degree to which two variables are related. 15. Jonathan wants to understand how people in correlational Place the names of all Col- Colorado feel about a new tax. Which of the fol- orado residents in a hat lowing would be the most appropriate way for Jonathan to obtain his sample for his study? 16. A researcher wants to study the effects of al- cohol on cognitive function. The experimental group is given 10 ounces of alcohol, while the control group gets a nonalcoholic beverage. Participants must then complete a 40-ques- tion test that requires varying levels of cogni- tive function. Scores on the test are compared, and it is found that the group that drank alco- hol performed worse than the group that drank the nonalcoholic beverage. In this experiment, is the dependent variable. and draw out 100 of them. cognitive function 17. What is a primary advantage of using a survey to conduct research? 18. The is the variable that is being measured in an experiment to determine the impact of changes in the independent vari- able. 19. A general explanation about behavior and events is known as . 20. You have just finished testing your hypoth- esis. What is the next step in the scientific method? 21. Dr. Kanas is treating a young man who com- plains that he suffers from anxiety when at work and feels pressured to work harder. Dr. Kanas uses a variety of therapeutic strategies, including examining the man's negative think- ing patterns, his medications, reinforcers in his environment, and any repressed negative experiences from his childhood. Dr. Kanas is using a(n) approach in his treat- ment of this client. 22. is a way of processing informa- tion in which we examine assumptions, eval- uate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions. 23. the is the value that occurs most often in a data set. 24. which of the following is an example of cate- gorical data? 25. measures of dispersion include: It allows relatively easy ac- cess to the private infor- mation of a large number of people. dependent variable a theory analyze your results eclectic critical thinking mode eye color 26. When the mean is lower than the median and mode, you likely have a 27. A is a tiny, excitable cell that re- ceives stimulation and transmits information to other cells. range and standard devia- tion negatively skewed distrib- ution neuron 28. are chemical messengers secreted hormones by the glands into the bloodstream and regu- late the activity of cells or organs. 29. When positively charged ions enter the cell membrane, the cell becomes . depolarized 30. is to body as is to branch soma; dendrite 31. neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus . 32. interneuron are exclusively located in the . 33. After riding the newest rollercoaster, you real- ize it takes some time for your body to calm down. This process of calming down involves the . 34. What is one advantage of an MRI over a CT scan? 35. Which of the following methods measures changes in blood flow in the brain? 36. What structure sits in the brain and directs the rest of the endocrine glands in the body to release or withhold their hormones? all through the lifespan central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system it does not require the use of radiation fMRI pituitary 37. Cristian is having trouble falling asleep each night. He has heard taking a hormone that stimulates sleep might help. What would you suggest he take? 38. The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because . 39. Amaya was in a car accident and suffered a serious head injury. She now has difficulty with balance and coordination. Which part of Amaya's brain was likely damaged in the acci- dent? 40. Gustav is trying to decide which car to buy for his business. In considering the pros and cons and anticipating his needs in the future, he is using his lobe. 41. What was the primary behavioral change in Phineas Gage after an iron rod pierced his brain? 42. For the majority of people, language is domi- nant in of the brain. 43. The physical expression of eye color is re- ferred to as a . melatonin it regulates all the other glands in the body cerebellum frontal his personality was differ- ent the left hemisphere phenotype 44. Epigenetics refers to a change in phenotype; genotype without a change in . 45. Justicia has recently been diagnosed with a brain tumor. Some of her initial symptoms in- cluded unexplained and excessive fear and anger. Which brain structure is likely affected by the tumor? 46. what are the contemporary perspective in psy- chology? amygdala psychodynamic, behav- ioral, humanistic, cogni- tive, biological, evolution- ary, sociocultural 47. psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviors are motivated by internal factors unavailable to the conscious mind 48. behavioral approach concentrates on observ- able behavior that can be directly measured and recorded 49. humanistic approach assumes that people are innately good and that mental and social prob- lems result from devia- tions from this natural ten- dency 50. cognitive approach focuses on the workings of the human brain and how we process informa- tion we collect from our environment 51. biological approach includes the study of bi- ological bases of behav- ior and the structure and function of the nervous system 52. evolutionary approach explores ways in which patterns of human behav- ior may be beneficial to people's survival 53. sociocultural approach examines the ways in which social and cultural factors on human behav- ior and mental processes 54. clinical psychology includes neuropsycholo- gist, counseling psycholo- gist, clinical social work- ers, psychiatric nurses, an school psychologist 55. applied psychology includes industrial and organizational psychology and sports psychology 56. academic psychology includes developmental psychology, personality psychology, and social pyschology 57. Steps of the Scientific Method 1. identify the problem 2. conduct background re- search 3. formulate a hypothesis 4. test the hypothesis 5. analyze your results 6. report your results 58. Importance of Critical Thinking 1. Consider any underly- ing motives for making a particular claim 2. Evaluate the quality of the evidence used to sup- port the claim 3. generate alternative ex- planations for the results 4. avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim 59. experiment enables researchers to determine causality by manipulation of one or more independent vari- ables and observing the effect on an outcome 60. independent variable variable that is manipulat- ed 61. dependent variable measurable response to the independent variable 62. experimental group subject to the independent variable 63. control group gets no treatment 64. placebo effect participants react as if they were receiving treat- ment because they be- lieve they are receiving treatment 65. double-blind experiment both participants and the researchers do not know who is receiving the actual treatment 66. research ethics minimize harm to par- ticipants, avoid deception when possible, voluntary withdrawal, protect con- fidentiality, informed con- sent 67. Quantitative data data that can be mea- sured and put into num- bers 68. qualitative data data that is open-ended and descriptive 69. categorical data data that can be arranged in categories that are unique 70. continuous data data in number form that represents a characteris- tic 71. descriptive statistics allow a researcher to de- scribe data 72. Frequency a count of the number of each response in a dataset 73. histogram a bar graph that allows re- searchers to display data 74. central tendency charactistizes the typical member of a group 75. mean the average 76. median the middle score 77. mode the score that occurs most often in the dataset 78. skew a lopsided distribution of data points 79. inferential statistics allow conclusions to be drawn about data 80. correlation represents a relationship between two variables 81. scatterplot data points are used tp vi- sually represent the rela- tionship between two vari- ables 82. the building blocks of the nervous system neurons 83. catch the signal from the previous neuron dendrites 84. houses the cell's genetic information soma 85. carries information down to the end of the neuron 86. speeds up the transmission of information down the axon 87. contains the chemicals that enable neurons to "talk" to each other 88. after an action potential, there is where the neuron is "resting" and not able to fire again 89. a neuron can "fire" by passing the signal to the next axon myelin sheath terminal button refectory period excitatory 90. a neuron can hold its "fire" inhibitory 91. chemical messengers of the nervous system neurotransmitters 92. the birth of new neurons, mostly occurs pre- natally 93. involved in learning, memory, and mood regu- lation. neurogenesis synaptic plasticity 94. the brain can adapt and change over time synaptic plasticity 95. CNS brain and spinal cord 96. PNS carries information from the CNS to organs and parts of the body 97. What are the three types of neurons? sensory, motor, interneu- rons 98. sensory (afferent) neurons carry information toward the CNS from the sensory organs 99. motor (efferent) neurons carry information away from the CNS to operate muscles and glands 100. interneurons sends information be- tween sensory neurons and motor neurons 101. involves hormones, which control most major bodily functions 102. chemical messengers secreted by the glands into the blood stream and regulate the activity of cells or organs 103. consist of glands that produce and secrete more than 50 hormones 104. structural; takes a series of x-rays from many different perspectives and then displays a two-dimensional image of the structure 105. structural; measures and compares the rate at which the atoms return to a state of equi- librium from the magnetic pull. MRI gives a detailed picture of the brain, organ, or tissue. 106. functional; a noninvasive technique that mea- sures electric activity of the brain endocrine system hormones endocrine system ` CT Scan MRI EEG 107. functional; provides precise information about brain activation as well as spatial local- ization by measuring faint magnetic fields 108. functional; produces a three-dimensional im- age of the functioning of the brain. radioactive glucose is injected into the body and, as it decays, it releases a positron which is picked up by the scanner. 109. functional, measures change in blood flow, which is related to energy use by brain cells and gives a picture of the brain 110. important part of the brain for movement, bal- ance, and coordination 111. connected to the spinal cord and controls basic survival functions; integrates functions throughout the body and brain 112. connects the lower and upper parts of the brain; important structures for consciousness and sleep 113. where the spinal cord meets the brain; respon- sible for basic survival functions 114. part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex 115. part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression we feel 116. plays a role in our learning, memory, and abil- ity to compare sensory information to expec- tations MEG PET Scan fMRI cerebellum brain stem pons medulla thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus 117. brain damage either be widespread or localized, and the dis- ability depends on the location and extent of the damage 118. physical trauma or a head injury from an out- side source traumatic brain injury (TBI) 119. connects the two hemispheres of the brain corpus callosum 120. sections of the the DNA that contain recipes to make thousands of proteins in the body 121. genes located in the same position on the pair of chromosomes genes alleles 122. identical pairs of alleles homozygous 123. nonidentical pairs of alleles heterozygous 124. entire makeup of an organism genotype 125. observable properties that come from these genetics 126. the degree to which genotype explains the individual variations in phenotypes phenotype heritability 127. Little Albert Experiment fear 128. strengthening phase between the NS and CR acquisition phase 129. occurs when the CS no longer elicits the CR extinction 130. occurs when the CR is elicited in response to stimuli that are similar to the original CS 131. occurs when the CR is elicited in response to a specific CS 132. classically conditioned avoidance of a certain food following illness stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination taster aversion 133. a conditioned stimulus could eventually act as an unconditioned stimulus in a second round of conditioning 134. occurs before the reflexive and involuntary response. behavior is a passive and reflex- ive response. involves respondent behavior. involves making associations between stimuli and responses. extinction, generalization, and discrimination apply 135. occurs after we voluntarily engage in a behav- ior. more active and is based on the conse- quences. explains how we can both increase a d decrease the frequency behaviors. involves making associations between stimuli and re- sponses. extinction, generalization, and dis- crimination apply higher order conditioning classical conditioning operant conditioning 136. reinforcement involves the goal of in- creasing behaviors 137. satisfy a basic biological need, such as hunger or thirst 138. become a satisfying through association with primary reinforcers 139. strengthen a response by adding a pleasur- able consequence 140. strengthen a response by removing an unde- sirable consequence primary reinforcers secondary reinforcers postive reinforcers negative reinforcers 141. deceases or weakens a behavior punishment 142. adds something undesirable after a behavior positive punishment 143. negative punishment removes something desirable or enjoyable af- ter a behavior 144. the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs 145. occurs when responses are only occasionally reinforced 146. reinforce behavior after a set number of re- sponses 147. reinforces behavior after varying and unpre- dictable number of responses continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement fixed ratio schedules variable-ratio schedules 148. behavior is reinforced after a fixed time period fixed-interval schedules 149. reinforce behavior after variable periods of time 150. uses reinforcers to guide an individual's ac- tion toward a desired behavior variable-interval sched- ules shaping 151. can be used to chase complex behaviors chaining 152. learn by observing and imitating others observational learning 153. occurs when you suddenly realize how to solve a problem without the use of trial and error 154. mental processes, including thinking, know- ing, judging, problem solving, and remember- ing 155. learning that is not immediately expressed and occurs without any obvious reinforce- ment insight learning cognition latent learning ours brains system for filing away new knowl- edge and retrieving previously learned infor- mation 157. information processing approach to memory encoding storage retrieval 158. represent an approach in cognitive science that describes memory as interconnected net- works in the brain 159. states that memory are distributed throughout the brain and represented in the pattern of activation between neurons 160. brief retention of sensory stimulation, an ex- tension of perception 161. part of sensory memory that involves the abil- ity to briefly accurately remember sounds for about three to four seconds connectionist models of memory parallel distributed model of memory sensory memory echoic memory 162. the fleeting, visual aspect of sensory memory iconic memory 163. the structural component of memory respon- sible for storing small amounts of information for a short time 164. involves rehearsing the information over and over again in order to maintain it 165. short-term memory holds about 3-9 pieces of information at one time, but can expand 166. information is likely to be retained linger than information processed through visual or audi- tory encoding short-term memory maintenance rehearsal chunking semantically encoded refers to the process used to consolidate in- formation from working memory to long-term memory 168. the use of time and energy to process informa- tion deeply aid in understanding and memory 169. works by understanding the meaning of the information and elaborating on the material by making it meaningful to you 170. elaborative rehearsal techniques to improve learning 171. largest memory structure; its capacity is un- limited 172. gets information out of long-term memory when you need it 173. involves pulling information directly from long-term memory without retrieval cues effortful processing elaborative rehearsal visualize use mnemonics teach someone else organize information test your self interleaving long-term memory retrieval free recall 174. involves the use of retrieval cues cued recall 175. the correct answer is provided among a group of possible answers 176. the vivid, long-lasting memories about the cir- cumstances surrounding the discovery of an extremely emotional event 177. occurs when we recall a memory but attribute it to the wrong source recognition flashbulb memory source monitoring error refers to the effects real-world knowledge but attribute it to the wrong source 179. an event occurring after the initial memory that modifies that memory misinformation effect 180. the forgetting is the goal motivated forgetting 181. previous learning interferes with new memory proactive interference 182. new learning interferes with previous memory retroactive interference 183. characterized by the loss of past memories retrograde amnesia 184. affects future memories anterograde amnesia 185. short-term memory/ working memory has been localized 186. pivotal to the recognition and recall of explicit long-term memories 187. used in the formation and storage of implicit memories 188. emotional memories, including flashbulb memories 189. scientist refer to the strengthening of neural connections hippocampus and pre- frontal cortex hippocampus and frontal lobes hippocampus, cerebel- lum, and basal ganglia amygdala long-term potentiation (LTP) 190. superego is our conscience 191. ego is the rational part of the mind and oper- ates on the 192. developed by Freud, relies heavily on a thera- pist's interpretation of a client's unconscious desires reality principle psychoanalysis 193. denial refusing to recognize or believe the reality of a situation 194. a process that blocks anxiety-provoking thoughts from the conscious-mind 195. a retreat to an earlier stage of childhood or infancy, due to psychological stress 196. redirecting an unconscious and unacceptable wish or drive toward a more acceptable alter- native 197. a form of displacement where unacceptable urges are redirected into more appropriate ac- tivities 198. changes an unacceptable desire by adopting the opposite stance 199. attributing an unconsciously experienced im- pulse or feeling to someone else 200. the use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxiety-including thoughts and feelings repression regression displacement sublimation reaction formation projection ratinalozation 201. birth-1 1/2 years oral 202. 1 1/2- 3 years anal 203. 3-6 years phallic 204. 6-puberty latency 205. puberty-death genital 206. believed in the unconscious mind, but put less emphasis on sexual feelings and pi- oneered the concept of the collective uncon- scious Carl Jung 207. believed that childhood was an im- portant time for personality development; fo- cused on social conflicts, individual psychol- ogy, and birth order 208. rejected penis envy, but proposed womb envy; pioneered the theory of neurotic personality 209. of personality emphasizes people's conscious understanding of themselves and their abilities to attain self-fulfillment 210. Maslow contributed his theory of the hier- archy of needs and described personality growth in terms of Alfred Adler Karen Horney humanistic theories self-actualization 211. For Rogers, our and access to self-concept; uncondi- is linked to our personalities. 212. if a child does not receive unconditional pos- itive regard, they will develop 213. of personality emphasize beliefs and expectations, both conscious and uncon- scious, that we form through our interactions 214. our sense of having control over our environ- ment rather than feeling as though the envi- ronment is controlling us 215. they control the situation, their own rewards, and their own fate 216. believe that the situation, rewards, and fate are controlled by outside forces 217. describes an individual's expectations about their own abilities to perform certain task tioned positive regard conditions of worth social cognitive theories personal control internal locus of control external locus of control self-efficacy 218. are sets of distinct personality dimen- sions that can be used to describe how people differ from one another 219. - are traits we see on the surface of someones personality which stem from a common source of cause called source traits trait theories surface traits 220. the Five Factor Model openness, conscientious- ness, extraversion, agree- ableness, neuroticism 221. the dark triad Machiavellianism, Narcis- sism, Psychopathy 222. Behavioral activation system the brain system that ac- tivates approach behavior response to the anticipa- tion of a reward 223. Behavioral inhibition system inhibits approach behavior in response to the antici- pation of punishment 224. utilizes brain imaging techniques to examine the brain's structure and function and how they relate to personality 225. the percentage of phenotype that is associat- ed with variation in genotype 226. presents a series of 10 inkblots to participants who are instructed to say whatever comes to mind upon viewing them 227. presents people with a series of random, un- familiar images and ask them to tell a story about what is happening personality neuroscience heritability Rorschach Test Thematic Apperception Test 228. cultural relativism understanding that any individual's behavior or psychological symptom must be evaluated in the context of their own culture 229. 3 P's predisposing, precipitat- ing, perpetuating 230. characterized by prolonged, uncontrollable, and sometimes vague feelings of worry or anxiety 231. people can snap out of a bad mood in a short period of time, but when it last longer and interferes with daily functions, its 232. another mood disorder includes a range of extreme emotional experiences that alternate between both poles and referred to as . anxiety disorders depressive disorder bipolar disorder [Show Less]