Family Therapy History, Theory, And Practice 6th Edition Gladding – Test Bank
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Family Therapy History, Theory, and Practice 6th
Edition Gladding – Test Bank
Sample Test
Chapter 3
Types and Functionality of Families
Chapter Overview
The Family System and Health
• Time changes perspectives on the family; what was considered healthy at one time may no longer be seen the same way later
• Traditional families were very patriarchal with men being the breadwinners and rule makers and women staying at home to be the bread makers and caregivers
• In modern times, roles have changed and so have family forms with nontraditional families outnumbering traditional nuclear families
• The most prevalent family forms are the nuclear family, the single-parent family, and the blended family
• Among some of the variations on the nuclear, single-parent, and blended families are the dual-career family, child-free family, special-needs-child/children family, gay/lesbian family, aging family, multigenerational family, grandparent-headed family, and military family
Family health fluctuates over the lifespan as families respond to changes or destabilizing events
• Healthy families make adjustments to accommodate to new situations and challenges
• Based on systems theory, change in any part of a family affect all the other parts of the family
• Depending on the situation, families may respond to change by using negative feedback loops (loops that promote a return to the status quo) or positive feedback loops (loops that promote change)
• Healthy families strive for a balance between change and stability; too much stability inhibits growth and produces stagnation, too much change results in chaos
Qualities of Healthy Families
• Healthy families encourage positive relationships among family members and insure a good give-and-take balance between individual and family needs
• Healthy families do not always produce healthy individuals and healthy individuals may not always come from healthy families
• Successful families are balanced in many ways and do not operate from extreme positions of cognition or emotion
• Healthy families have a strong and healthy marital unit characterized by promotion of individual growth and mutual support and sacrifice
• Characteristics of Healthy Families
• commitment to the family and its members (e.g., devotion to individual and family growth, family loyalty)
• appreciation for each other (e.g., verbal and physical expression, mutual love, respect, and compliments)
• willingness to spend time together (e.g., qualitative and quantitative time, positive time, sharing, builds cohesion)
• effective communication patterns (e.g., clear and congruent messages sent and received, wide range of communication, conflict resolution through discussion, positive tone)
• high degree of religious/spiritual orientation (e.g., helpful in coping, resiliency, finding meaning, and providing a moral foundation, increases marital satisfaction)
• ability to deal with crises in a positive manner (e.g., dealing with events and nonevents with appropriate coping strategies, negotiation, humor, respect, and support)
• encouragement of individuals (e.g., strengthens weak members, most crucial in life cycle transitions)
• clear roles (e.g., clear, appropriate, suitable allocated, mutually agreed upon, integrated, enacted, interchangeable and flexible)
• growth-producing structure and development patterns (e.g., absence of intergenerational coalitions and conflictual triangles, clear boundaries, balance of stability and change)
Family Life Stressors
• Stress is a normal part of family life
• Vertical stressors are historical and come from previous family history and experience, for example, family attitudes, expectations, secrets, and legacies
• Horizontal stressors are related to current events, are developmental and continually unfolding, and may be predictable or unpredictable
• Expected life stressors may be developmental (life cycle related), situational
(interpersonal), or historical (related to family life history)
• Common stressors that are developmental and situational include:
• economics and finances
• children’s behaviors
insufficient couple time
• communicating with children
• insufficient personal time
• insufficient family play time
• Unexpected life stressors include events which occur “off schedule” or not at all. Family adaptability may be related to environment fit (e.g., economic and support factors)
• Common unexpected life stressors include
• happenstance or random, chance life changes
• physical/psychological trauma
• success and failure
• gaining or losing a family member
Family Structure and Functionality
• Family structure influences the ability to handle stressors • Three common family structures: o symmetrical/complementary
o symmetrical interaction is based on similarity of behavior, i.e., either partner might do the work; it can result in completion between spouses
o complementary interaction is defined more rigidly and maximizes differences in family roles, for example, traditional gender roles
o parallel relationships are a combination of symmetrical and complementary interaction as appropriate and can produce optimum family and couple functioning o centripetal/centrifugal
• centripetal families focus on family closeness, get their needs met primarily through the family, and may produce children who are at their worse family dependent, antisocial, irresponsible, and egocentric
• centrifugal families are more disengaged, get their needs met primarily outside of the family, and may produce children who at their worse become socially isolated, disorganized, or withdrawn
• extremes of either style are like to result in poor family functioning
• at different times both styles are appropriate, e.g., centripetal structure at the birth of a baby; centrifugal structure at the launching of children
• cohesion/adaptability o cohesion, or emotional bonding, can be measured on four levels from low to high:
(1) disengaged, (2) separated, (3) connected, (4) enmeshed o adaptability, or the ability to be flexible and change, can be measured on four levels from low to high: (1) rigid, (2) structured, (3) flexible, (4) chaotic
o the relationship between cohesion and adaptability is curvilinear
o dysfunctional families tend to be either very high or very low on these dimensions, while healthy families tend to be more balanced
o life cycle stage and culture influence these two dimensions and must be considered in assessing families
Coping Strategies in Families
• In coping with stress, useful family characteristics include the following:
• ability to identify the stressor
• ability to view the situation as a family problem, rather than a problem of one member
• solution-oriented approach rather than blame-oriented
• tolerance for other family members
• clear expression of commitment to and affection for other family members
• open and clear communication among members
• evidence of high family cohesion
evidence of considerable role flexibility
• appropriate utilization of resources inside and outside the family
• lack of physical violence • lack of substance abuse
• Other effective coping strategies include:
• recognizing that stress may be positive and lead to change
• realizing that stress is usually temporary
• focusing on working together to find solutions
• realizing that stress is a normal part of life
• changing the rules to deal with stress and celebrating victories over events that led to stress
• ABCX Model (also referred to as the “check mark diagram”) of adjustment to a crisis
• “A” is the stressor event
• “B” is the resources available at the family’s disposal
• “C” is the meaning or significance of the event for the family
• “X” is the combined effect of these factors (i.e., the crisis itself)
• in this model, the same event may be handled differently by different families
• Double ABCX Model of adjustment to a crisis
• expands on the ABCX Model by focusing on family interactions between situations and on family resolutions over time.
• incorporates the ‘pile up of demands’ as a variable in how families are able to respond to stressors
• An inability to adjust to change can result in families trying the same solutions over and over, thus intensifying nonproductive behaviors and exacerbating the symptomatic behavior
• There are two levels of change:
• first-order change is characterized by superficial or incremental change
• second-order change results in the introduction of new rules and behaviors into existing behavioral patterns; it is metachange
Implications of Health in Working with Families
• Studying healthy families is a complex process
• Research on healthy families benefits family therapists in the following ways
• appreciation for the multidimensionality of families and the mutual influence of family members
• identifies areas of health and strength in all families, not just pathology
• highlights the developmental nature of both health and pathology in families
• increased awareness that healthy families have deficits and dysfunctional families have strengths
• awareness of potential stressors helps family therapists prepare families through education
Key Terms
ABCX Model of a crisis in this model “A” represents the stressor event that happens to the family, “B” represents the resources at the family’s disposal, and “C” represents the meaning or interpretation the family attaches to the experience. “X” is the combined effect of these factors
(i.e., the crisis itself). This model highlights that the same type of event may be handled differently by different families.
boundaries the physical and psychological factors that separate people from one another and organize them.
centrifugal literally, directed away from a center. It describes how people move away from their family (i.e., family disengagement).
centripetal literally, directed toward a center. It describes a tendency to move toward family closeness.
check mark diagram in the ABCX model of a crisis, the process that a family goes through in adjusting to situations, i. e., it initially tumbles down like the slope of a check mark and then after reaching bottom reestablishes itself like the upslope of a checkmark from anywhere below, the same, or above where it was in the beginning.
complementary relationship relationships based on family member roles or characteristics that are specifically different from each other (e.g., dominant versus submissive, logical versus emotional). If a member fails to fulfill his or her role, such as be a decision maker or a nurturer, other members of the family are adversely affected.
conflictual triangles two individuals, such as a mother and father arguing over and interacting with another, such as a rebellious son, instead of attending to their relationship.
developmental stressors stressful events that are predictable and sequential, such as aging.
DINK an acronym meaning dual income, no kids.
Double ABCX model a model for dealing with crises that builds on the ABCX model but focuses on family resolutions over time rather than in regard to a single happening.
dual-career families those families in which both marital partners are engaged in work that is developmental in sequence and to which they have a high commitment.
family adaptability the ability of a family to be flexible and change.
family cohesion emotional bonding within a family.
family development and environmental fit a concept that states that some environments are conducive to helping families develop and resolve crises, and others are not.
first-order change the process whereby a family that is unable to adjust to new circumstances often repetitiously tries the same solutions or intensifies nonproductive behaviors, thus assuring that the basic organization of the family does not change.
happenstance an unpredictable event, a chance circumstance. [Show Less]