EXPH 386 Final Exam - Questions with Verified Answers % of macronutrients digested and absorbed CHO: Lipids: (kcals/g) Proteins: CHO: 97% (4 kcals/g)
... [Show More] Lipids: 95% (9 kcals/g) Proteins: 92% (4 kcals/g) 1st law of thermodynamics energy is neither created or destroyed, but transferred 2nd law of thermodynamics PE to degrade to KE w/ a lower capacity to do work How many kcal of free energy are produced for every ATP degraded to ADP? 7.3 kcals Anaerobic glycolysis occurs where Cytosol Aerobic ATP synthesis occurs where Mitochondria - most ATP formed here; citric acid cycle as well How much ATP stored within the cell? small amounts bc its continually synthesized Energy for phosphorylation is oxidation of.. (3) carbs, lipids, and proteins Energy released from the breakdown of energy rich ATP and CP can sustain max exercise such as sprinting for: (adenylate kinase) 8 to 10 seconds In all out efforts longer than 10 second, an ________ is needed to synthesis ATP additional energy source This produces more than 90% of ATP synthesis oxidative phosphorylation Every NADH and H+ in ETC = 3 ATP
Every FADH in ETC = 2 ATP Final electron accepter in ETC is.. oxygen and then turns to water Conditions needed for oxidative phosphorylation (3) 1. reducing agent in form of NADH or FADH2 2. oxidizing agent (O2 must be present in tissue) 3. sufficient amount of enzymes needed to make energy transfer The only nutrient whose stored energy can be used to generate ATP anaerobically Carbs For one glucose molecule = how many moles of ATP generated? 36 When glucose enters cell to be used for energy it undergoes series of reactions Glycolysis When reactions start w/ stored glycogen, breaks it down into glucose for energy Glycogenolysis Net gain of ATP molecules during anaerobic glycolysis is 2 Glycogenolysis begins in the.. glycogen breakdown is regulated by.. the activity of this enzyme is influenced by.. cytoplasm phosphorylase epinephrine Total of ___ ATP molecules formed aerobically 4 NADH + Pyruvic Acid = Lactic Acid When is lactic acid being produced? always (anaerobic glycolysis) Lactic acid does what to blood pH increases it During recovery when exercise decreases, _____ and _____ can be converted to glucose lactic acid and pyruvate Lactic acid is released from active tissue take to liver via bloodstream converted to glucose in the cori cycle Lactic acid is used for energy by ___ cells which it is produced Lactic acid used for energy by neighboring muscle cells ( ___ twitch -> ___ twitch shuttle) Lactic acid used by liver as a ... muscle ; fast to slow ; glucogensis processor ___ must be present for Krebs cycle to proceed unimpeded Oxygen Citric acid cycle, ETC, and oxidative phosphorylate are all forms of which metabolism? Aerobic Glycogen synthesis is most active __ hour after high intensity training 1 Especially important in ___ twitch muscle bc they have ample blood supply and large numerous mitochondria ... are... slow ; free fatty acids - hormone sensitive lipase ____ can be used as the primary energy fuel for exercise when high intensity, long duration exercise depletes glycogen Fats Exercise duration and intensity influence FFA use: (6) 1. enhance rate of lipolysis within adipose tissue 2. increase capillary density in muscle (decrease blood flow in fat for intensity) 3. improve transport of FFAs through muscle fiber membrane 4. increase carithine actlytransferase 5. increase size and # of mitochondria 6. increase quantity of mito enzymes Energy from protein release ____ removed exercise training can ___ ability of the muscle to use protein nitrogen ; increase Fat burns in a ____ flame Carbohydrate [Show Less]