Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology / Over 2000 Questions / 2022
Chapter 1
Organization of the Body
1 . W hich of the
... [Show More] listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”?
A. Metabolism
B. Cellularrespiration C. Homeostasis
D. Physiology
Answer is A: The quoted statement is a defi nition of metabolism
2 1 Organisation of the Body 2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region?
A. The stomach B. The spleen
C. The liver
D. The duodenum
Answer is C: hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly on the right side.
3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions?
A. Transverse
B. Axial
C. Coronal D. Sagittal
4 . T o which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation refer?
A. atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes
B. mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
C. nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule
D. muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
Answer is D: the listed structures are the four major tissue types.
5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following?
A. cephalic
B. ventral
C. caudal D. dorsal
6. Which of the following is the best defi nition of physiology?
A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells
B. The study of how the body works.
C. . A ll the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body’s
cells.
D. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal
environment.
1 Organisation of the Body 3 7. The “anatomical position” could be described as which of the following?
Answer is C: dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides
the body into these sections.
A nswer is A: cephalic refers to the head region. While superior refers to being
closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question.
Answer is B: physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body
functions.
A. Lying down prone
B. Lying down supine
C. Standing displaying the ventral surface of the body D. Standing with arms and legs abducted
.
8 . W hich choice best describes the location of the majority of the musculo-s keletal system?
A. It is in the dorsal cavity B.
It is in the ventral cavity
C. It is in the abdomino-pelvic cavity D. It is not located in a body cavity
9. Which of the following is/are the contents of the ventral cavity?
A. heart and lungs
B. brain and spinal cord
C. viscera
D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs.
10. Which of the stated relationships is correct?
A. the heart is inferior to the clavicle B. the shoulder is distal to the carpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the metacarpals
D. the eye is medial to the eyebrows
11. Which of the following is/are the contents of the dorsal body cavity?
A. heart and lungs
B. brain and spinal cord
C. viscera
D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs.
.
12. Which of the stated relationships is correct?
A. the heart is superior to the large intestine B. the shoulder is distal to the metacarpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the carpals
Answer is C: this is the best answer. Standing is required, as is having the arms
hanging parallel to the sides, with palms facing forward
A nswer is D: the musculo-skeletal system is located in the arms and legs, and
surrounding, but outside of the abdomino-pelvic, thoracic and the dorsal
cavities.
Answer is C: this is the best answer. It is a collective term for all organs in the
thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.
Answer is A: The heart is indeed below (inferior) to the clavicle. All other
choices are wrong.
Answer is B: dorsal refers to the back, the cavity enclosed by the skull and
vertebrae
4 1 Organisation of the Body D. the eye is medial to the nose
Answer is A: the heart is indeed above (superior) to the intestine. All other answers are wrong.
13. What is the study of how body parts function called?
A. histology
B. physiology C. homeostasis D. metabolism
Answer is B: physiology refers to function
14. Which of the following correctly describes the two named body parts?
A. the elbow is proximal to the shoulder B. the phalanges are distal to the carpals
C. the ribs are proximal to the sternum D. the elbow is distal to the knee
15. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. the diaphragm separates the brain and spinal cord
B. the ventral cavity contains the male and female reproductive system
C. theabdomino-pelviccavitycontainsthespinalcord.
D. the dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord
16. Complete the sentence correctly: “Cervical vertebrae are......
A. superior to the rib cage.
B. inferior to the thoracic vertebrae.
C. located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae.
D. fused into a single bone called the sacrum.
17. The dorsal body cavity contains which of the following organs?
A. The brain.
B. The brain and spinal cord.
1 Organisation of the Body
C. The brain, spinal cord and heart.
D. The brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys.
5
A nswer is B: phalanges (fi nger bones) are indeed further from the trunk along
the arm, than are the carpals (wrist bones)
Answer is D: dorsal means back and that is the cavity with spinal cord and
brain. B is incorrect as the genitalia are outside the ventral cavity.
Answer is A: cervix refers to “neck”. The cervical vertebrae are in the neck
hence are above (superior) to the rib cage.
Answer is B: Dorsal refers to the back and is opposite to ventral. Only the brain
and spinal cord occupy the dorsal cavity. All other answers are incorrect
.
18. What does the process known as anabolism refer to?
A. the use of energy for producing chemical substances.
B. the breaking down phase of metabolism.
C. all the chemical process that take place in the organelles of the cells. D. the supply of nutrients to the body’s cells.
19. To what does the term “hypochondriac” refer?
A. A condition of having too few chondria.
B. The region of abdomen inferior to the ribs. C. A person who often complains of an ailment. D. Having insuffi cient cartilage in the knees.
2 0. I f a medical image displays internal anatomy in mid-sagittal section, which of the following describes the section?
A. A vertical section through the nose and umbilicus that divides the body into right and left halves.
B. A cross-section through the midriff at about the level of the liver.
C. A cross-section through the upper chest at about the level of the shoulders.
D. A vertical section through the midpoint of the clavicle and through either
the right or left thigh.
21. Which of the following best describes the “anatomical position”?
A. Standing vertically, arms held horizontally, legs apart so that the tips of the head, hands and feet lie on an imaginary circle, drawn around the body.
B. Standing “to attention”, with hands held so that thumbs are ventral while
the fi fth digit is dorsal.
C. Standing“atease”withhandsclaspedbehindyourbackwhileadjacentand dorsal to the sacrum.
D. Standing vertically, arms parallel and lateral to the ribs with hands inferior to the elbows and supinated.
Answer is A: anabolism refers to the process of constructing/building
molecules (think anabolic steroids). B refers to catabolism. C refers to
metabolism.
Answer is B: In this case “hypo-” means below, while “-chondr” refers to the
cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum (the costal cartilages). The regions of
the abdomen immediately inferior to these rib cartilages (on the left and right
sides of the body) is what is being referred to
A nswer is A: A Sagittal section divides the body into left and right portions. A
mid sagittal section means that the dividing line is in the vertical mid line of the
body so that the halves are equal.
Answer is D: The anatomical position is achieved when standing with feet
comfortably apart while displaying the ventral surface of the head, body and
forearms to the same direction (forwards).
6 1 Organisation of the Body
22. Which term describes the location of the adrenal glands with reference to the
kidneys?
A. proximal
B. distal
C. superior D. inferior
”.
23. WhichofthefollowingtermsisNOTusedtoidentifyaregionoftheabdomen?
A. left hypochondriac B. hypogastric
C. epigastric
D. right sacral
24. What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A. The mediastinum B. The diaphragm C. The peritoneum D. The pylorus
Chapter 2
Cells and Tissues
A nswer is C: The adrenal glands are on the cephalic side of the kidneys. Being
closer to the head, they are termed “superior to the kidneys
Answer is D: Right sacral is not a region on the anterior surface of the
abdomen.
A nswer is B: The muscular diaphragm physically separates these two ventral
cavities.
2.1 Cells and Tissues
C ells are composed of their cytoplasm, which includes the cytosol and organelles; the nucleus and the surrounding plasma membrane. You should know that the plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules and that these molecules have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. The plasma membrane contains proteins including the ATPase (the sodium-potassium pump) which moves sodium ions out of the cell while moving potassium ions into the cell. You should
know the names and function of some of the organelles. For example you should know that mitochondria produce ATP and that ribosomes synthesise proteins from amino acids.
You will become familiar with the names of many cells. Often a word can be recognised as the name of a cell because it ends in “-cyte” or, if it is an immature cell, by ending in “-blast”. Four major types of tissue are identifi ed in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle and neural tissues. Of course there are many sub- types within these categories. For example epithelial tissue may be squamous, cuboidal, columnar or glandular. Muscle may be skeletal, smooth or cardiac. Connective tissue is quite varied and you should be aware of the many different examples of tissue that are categorised as “connective”. For example, blood, bone, dermis, cartilage and tendon are all connective tissue.
1. Which structure within the cell produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
A. the mitochondria
B. the nucleus
C. peripheralproteins
D. the endoplasmic reticulum
Answer is A: This is a basic function of mitochondria. All other answers are
wrong.
8 2 Cells and Tissues
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell plasma membrane?
A. cholesterol
B. proteins
C. microfilaments D. phospholipids
Answer is C: microfi laments occur inside the cell.
3. Which list below contains the four types of tissue?
A. extracellular fl uid, skeletal tissue, glandular tissue, connective tissue.
B. extracellular fl uid, muscle tissue, glandular tissue, cartilaginous tissue.
C. neural tissue, skeletal tissue, epithelial tissue, cartilaginous tissue.
D. Neural tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue.
A nswer is D: These are the four types. Extracellular fl uid is not a tissue.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.
4. Except for one, the following are types of cells. Which one is cell?
A. platelets
B. leucocytes C. macrophages D. osteoblasts
NOT a type of
a
Answer is A: Platelets are fragments of a cell (a megakaryocyte) bound by
membrane.
5. In which part of a cell does the process of making ATP from oxygen and glu- cose take place?
A. lysosomes
B. ribosomes
C. mitochondria D. golgi apparatus
Answer is C: ATP production is the function of mitochondria.
6. Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins?
A. to process lipids and proteins for secretion through the plasma membrane B. to act as receptors for hormones
C. to synthesise proteins from amino acids
D. to act as a cytoskeleton to support and shape the cell
7. What is the difference between simple squamous cells and simple columnar cells?
A nswer is B: One function of membrane proteins is to receive (amino acid
based) hormones that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
2.1 Cells and Tissues 9
A. squamous cells are fl attened while columnar cells are taller than they are wide.
B. simple squamous cells are one layer thick while simple columnar cells are several layers thick.
C. simple squamous cells are epithelial tissue while simple columnar cells are connective tissue.
D. squamous cells are fl attened while columnar cells are cuboidal.
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell?
A. macrophages B. lysosomes
C. plasmocytes D. chondroblasts
9. Which cell organelles contain an acidic environment capable of digesting a wide variety of molecules?
A. Lysosomes B. Ribosomes C. Centrosomes
D. Golgi complex
10. Which form of transport through the plasma membrane requires the expendi- ture of energy by the cell?
A. Facilitated diffusion B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Diffusion
.
11. Which of the tissue types below consists of a single layer of cells?
A. stratifi ed squamous epithelial tissue B. glandularepithelium
C. areolarconnectivetissue
D. simple columnar epithelial tissue [Show Less]