Exam 3: NUR257/ NUR 257 Latest Update 2024
Aging and Chronic Illness in Nursing Exam Review
Rated A+
What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the
... [Show More] Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory? -
Antioxidants can be derived from a healthy diet or from phytochemicals which block the
formation of free radicals
phytochemicals - plant chemicals
What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging? - 1) LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
LBM (lean body mass) - sum of fat free tissues comprising bone, muscle, and water
Sarcopenia - age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function
Proportion distortion - refers to the growing proportion sizes people call normal
as age increases, the number of calories required (decreases/increases) - Decreases
Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults? - No
What are the 3 lifestyle factors that are contributing the most to longer life? - Diet,
exercise, not smoking
Aging Theory - explains the mechanisms behind loss of physical resilience, decreased
resistance to disease, and other physical and mental changes that accompany aging
Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) - cellular aging: normal human cells can only
replicate and divide 40-60 times before it cannot divide anymore and will breakdown by
programmed cell death (apoptosis and replicate senescence)
Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells? - No, it is difficult to prove
secondary to concurrent chronic disease
Molecular Clock Theory - DNA changes: each time a cell undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on
the ends of the chromosome shorten slightly and eventually this loss of telomeres stops the
ability of chromosomes to replicate
Intrinsic Mutagenesis - the process by which telomeres on the ends of chromosomes
shorten slightly
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging - errors in the replication of cells and accumulation of
damaging byproducts eventually leads to declining cellular function and aging
Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory - secondary to the buildup of unstable oxygen
compounds, there is cumulative damage to cells and tissues as a result of aerobic
metabolism
In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental oxidizing agents cause harm to
what structures in cells and tissues? - Cell membranes and cells
What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults? -22-28 g/day
recommended
What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults? - 1-1.5 g/kg
What is the most common deficiency among older adults? - Protein
Nitrogen balance - the difference between intake and loss of protein
What is the second most common deficiency among older adults? - dairy
What percent of total calories should be used by fats for older adults? -20-35%
What is the DRI Water/Fluid Recommendation for older adults? - 1 mL of fluid per calorie
eaten or a minimum of 1500 mL of fluid/day
What are the nutrients of concern associated with aging? - Fiber, Iron, B12, and water
Vitamin A - antioxidant; organic compound including retinol and retinoic acid which is
important to vision, growth, and cell division
can fat-soluble vitamins exit the body through urine? - NO
What Vitamin is an area of concern for the elderly? -Vitamin D
Vitamin D/Calciferol (Vitamin D12) - Fat-soluble vitamin that increases intestinal absorption
of calcium, magnesium, and phosphat [Show Less]