Exam 1 - Incorrect 1 believed in the importance Complete Solution
Question 1
2 / 2 pts
_______________ believed in the importance of the formation of
... [Show More] a civil government and a social contract if human behavior is to be adequately controlled.
Locke
Correct!
Hobbes
Descartes
Beccaria
Question 2
2 / 2 pts
A theory is considered to be ____________________ if it has a fewer number of well-defined concepts.
Correct!
parsimonious
logical
broader in scope
none of these
Question 3
2 / 2 pts
A theory is often judged on the basis on how well it has withstood ______________.
the test of time
public support
Correct!
empirical testing
academic criticism
Question 4
2 / 2 pts
___________________________ and ___________________ state that crime requires the convergence in time and space of a motivated offender, suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
Guerry and Quetelet
Correct!
Cohen and Felson
Shaw and McKay
Merton and Cloward
Question 5
2 / 2 pts
________________, in 1977, concluded that delinquents scored on average 8 IQ points lower than nondelinquents.
Correct!
Hirschi and Hindelang
Durkheim
Merton
Binet and Simon
Question 6
2 / 2 pts
__________ examines the relationship between specific characteristics of individuals, such as impulsivity, and criminal behaviors.
Social disorganization theory
Subculture theory
Correct!
Personality traits theory
Deterrence theory
Question 7
2 / 2 pts
Still thinking about causation, ____________________ is used to describe the importance of making sure the cause actually did occur prior to any effect.
Correct!
time sequence
absence of spuriousness
correlation
theoretical rationale
Question 8
2 / 2 pts
________________ studies have been used to measure the link between heredity and crime and/or antisocial behavior.
twin
adoption
neighborhood
Correct!
both twin and adoption studies
Question 9
2 / 2 pts
Under classical criminology, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
criminals engage in crime because they freely choose to
criminals engage in hedonistic calculus prior to choosing to commit a crime
Correct!
focus should be on the actor with a plan to treat medically whatever one’s problems might be
too much severity in punishment can actually increase crime
Question 10
2 / 2 pts
Beccaria believed that:
the punishment should fit the crime
punishment should be swift and certain
it was better to prevent crimes than to punish them
Correct!
all of these
Question 11
2 / 2 pts
_____________________ brought together several of one’s peers to swear under oath that an offender was innocent and is often thought of as a precursor to the modern-day jury system.
Configuration
Conflagration
Correct!
Compurgation
None of these
Question 12
2 / 2 pts
Goring concluded that criminality is due to:
Environmental characteristics
Low intelligence
Correct!
Inherited characteristics
Free will
Question 13
2 / 2 pts
Some people argue that IQ tests are not a direct measure of innate intelligence, rather, they are a measure of:
athletic abilities
musical abilities
artistic abilities
Correct!
academic abilities
Question 14
2 / 2 pts
The ________________________ system of justice believed that people were innocent until proven guilty.
Correct!
adversarial
inquisitorial
administration
informational
Question 15
2 / 2 pts
Under positivism, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
Correct!
Swift and certain punishment is the only way to deter crime
The scientific method is used to study crime
Crime is the result of many factors, not just one
Biological factors are important to consider when studying criminal behavior
Question 16
2 / 2 pts
In 1876, _________________ wrote “The Criminal Man.”
Beccaria
Correct!
Lombroso
Goring
Goddard
Question 17
2 / 2 pts
The ____________________________ approach to modern-day biological problems associated with antisocial behavior consists of proper prenatal care along with postnatal home visitation.
crime watch neighborhoods
target hardening
Correct!
public health
private dollars
Question 18
2 / 2 pts
The notion of __________________ relates to punishment that is swift.
celebral
Correct!
celerity
cessation
cesspool
Question 19
2 / 2 pts
The _______________________ system of justice believed that people were guilty until they proved themselves innocent.
adversarial
Correct!
inquisitorial
administration
informational
Question 20
2 / 2 pts
According to Moffitt, criminal behaviors begin with neuropsychological problems that are caused by:
birth complications
poor nutrition while pregnant
child abuse/neglect after birth
Correct!
all of the above
Question 21
2 / 2 pts
The statement below that BEST defines theory as it is used in the social sciences is:
An idea or hunch about human behavior
A realistic statement about why people engage in criminal behavior
Correct!
A statement about the relationship between two or more social phenomena
A belief system composed of several underlying opinions about human behavior
Question 22
2 / 2 pts
Still thinking about causation, _____________________ means that a 3rd variable is not responsible for the association between the two variables of interest.
time sequence
Correct!
absence of spuriousness
correlation
theoretical rationale
Question 23
2 / 2 pts
When thinking about causation, ___________________ is a term used to define a relationship between two variables.
time sequence
absence of spuriousness
Correct!
correlation
theoretical rationale
Question 24
2 / 2 pts
A theory is deemed to be ______________ if what it is alleging to be true seems feasible or makes sense.
Correct!
logical
realistic
unrealistic
believable
Question 25
22 / 22 pts
Match the term with the definition.
Correct!
adolescent-limited and life-course persistent offenders
Correct!
Id, Superego, Ego
Correct!
Witch hunts, trial by ordeal, torture
Correct!
brain and spinal cord
Correct!
Physical characteristics related to improper evolution
Correct!
feeblemindness
Correct!
Degenerate families studies
Correct!
controls functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone levels
Correct!
Cause must precede the effect
Correct!
egocentric and self-satisfying
Correct!
deterrence, rational choice, and routine activities
Question 26
2 / 2 pts
Primitive people regarded spiritual explanations as valid reasons for why some people engaged in harmful behavior toward others.
Correct!
True
False
Question 27
2 / 2 pts
The conclusion that a causal relationship between two social phenomena exists is an assertion of certainty about that relationship.
True
Correct!
False
Question 28
2 / 2 pts
Under Classical Criminology, crime is seen as the result of an individual’s free will.
Correct!
True
False
Question 29
2 / 2 pts
Lombroso is often thought of as providing the foundation for the modern-day criminal justice system in his book “On Crimes and Punishment” written in 1764.
True
Correct!
False
Question 30
2 / 2 pts
In terms of predicting who will recidivate, clinical predictions are more accurate than actuarial predictions.
True
Correct!
False
Question 31
2 / 2 pts
Testosterone is a hormone that may help to explain aggressive behaviors in both males and females.
Correct!
True
False
Question 32
2 / 2 pts
Beccaria believed that the death penalty should be in place and used against individuals who commit murder because it had been shown to deter murder in the 18th Century.
True
Correct!
False
Question 33
2 / 2 pts
Studies have shown that head injuries are associated with criminal behaviors.
Correct!
True
False
Question 34
2 / 2 pts
Charles Goring found that criminals were significantly taller than non-criminals and that they were likely to come from families with no history of criminality.
True
Correct!
False
Question 35
2 / 2 pts
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow for the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain and have been found to be related to antisocial behavior when the levels of these chemicals are not within an acceptable range.
Correct!
True
False
Question 36
2 / 2 pts
Several meta analyses of studies related to modern-day biological theories have clearly shown that the environment does not at all influence a person’s behavior in light of internal biological explanations.
True
Correct!
False
Question 37
2 / 2 pts
Most studies have shown that there is a relationship between IQ and delinquency.
Correct!
True
False
Question 38
2 / 2 pts
Cesare Lombroso developed psychoanalysis as a means to uncover deep seated memories that prevent individuals from being able to live a more content life.
True
Correct!
False
Question 39
2 / 2 pts
Attachment theory argues that children who do not receive adequate care and attention from their mothers will have problems later in life when it comes to adjusting developmentally.
Correct!
True
False
Question 40
2 / 2 pts
Target hardening is a policy suggestion made by many biological and psychological theorists.
True
Correct!
False [Show Less]