Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet 2022/2023
1. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous
... [Show More] systems. What happens to the body during the “fight-or-flight” response?
• Sympathetic- fight or flight/ parasympathetic- rest and digest/ When body is in fight or flight its in survival mode. Directs nutrients and blood flow to important parts of the body like the lungs and skeletal system. Decreased saliva, urination, stomach.
2. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
• Nucleus: control center or “brain” of the cell, DNA and genes are stored here, production of messenger RNA- contains instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins; most cells have only one nucleus, but liver and skeletal systems have more. Red blood cells have no nucleus. DNA comes from white blood cells if not from nucleus.
• Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, that contain their own DNA, cellular respiration, production of ATP from glucose.
• Ribosome: site of protein production
• Lysosome: breaks down food particles or worn-out cell parts
• Endoplasmic reticulum: folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Smooth- ribosome are not attached/ rough- ribosomes are attached.
• Peroxisome: contains enzymes (oxidase and catalase) to break down toxic waste products. • Golgi apparatus: sorts and package proteins.
3. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
• Passive: transferring innate protection from one individual to another. Immune protection right away but doesn’t last very long. EX: passing antibodies from mom to baby. Passes through placenta or breast milk. Serotherapy- direct injection/ infusion of antibodies (humans or animals). Giving plasma, snake venom.
• Active: a protective state owing to the body’s immune response as a result of active infection or immunizations. Body fighting off something or receiving a vaccine. [Show Less]