1. Bormann and Likens compared the output of two river valleys, one forest- ed and the other clear cut. What were their findings? a. The deforested valley
... [Show More] had higher water flow and a decrease in nutrient loss. b. The forested valley had higher water flow and a decrease in nutrient loss. c. The forested valley had lower water flow and increase in nutrient loss. d. The deforested valley had lower water flow and increase in nutrient loss. e. The deforested valley had higher wa- ter flow and increase in nutrient loss. 2. What is the definition of a scientific hypothesis? a. a simulation of a system being studied b. a testable explanation of data c. the data needed to answer a question d. procedures carried out under controlled conditions to gather informa- tion e. a widely accepted theory 3. A well-tested and widely accepted sci- entific hypothesis or group of related hy- potheses is called a . a. hypothesis b. scientific law c. scientific variable d. scientific theory e. conclusion 4. What is a well-tested and widely ac- cepted description of what scientists find always happening in the same way in nature? a. theory b. scientific law c. hy- pothesis d. conclusion e. model 5. One way to study nature is to devel- op a(n) , which is an approximate physical or mathematical simulation of a system. a. theory b. laboratory c. experi- mental group d. model e. law ANSWER: e ANSWER: b ANSWER: d ANSWER: b ANSWER: d ANSWER: e 6. Which chemical formula represents an example of an organic compound? a. H2O b. NaCl c. H2SO4 d. N2O e. CH4 7. Complex carbohydrates are a type of . a. lipid b. chemical formula c. monomer d. protein e. organic polymer 8. Proteins are large polymer molecules formed by linking together long chains of monomers called . a. chromo- somes b. nucleotides c. amino acid d. phosphate groups e. hydrocarbons 9. What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life? a. atom b. macromolecule c. DNA d. cell e. organ- ism 10. Thousands of genes make up a sin- gle . a. chromosome b. DNA c. cell nucleus d. trait e. organism 11. Which statement is an example of a chemical change? a. Confetti is cut from pieces of paper. b. Water evapo- rates from a lake. c. Ice cubes are formed in the freezer. d. A plant converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. e. A tree is cut down in the forest. 12. A(n) solution has more hydro- gen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH ). a. neutral b. acidic c. isotope d. basic e. logarithmic ANSWER: b 13. What law states that when matter un- dergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed? a. the second law of thermodynamics b. the law of conservation of matter c. the first law of thermodynamics d. the atomic ANSWER: e ANSWER: c ANSWER: d ANSWER: a ANSWER: d ANSWER: b exchange law e. the law of conservation of energy 14. Electromagnetic energy travels in . a. waves b. packets c. nodes d. modules e. chunks 15. Which type of energy is stored in the strong forces that hold the particles (protons and neutrons) in the nuclei of atoms together? a. chemical b. kinetic c. potential d. nuclear e. thermal 16. Matter is anything that . a. has mass and takes up space b. has the capacity to do work c. can be changed in form d. can produce change e. moves mass 17. What is the basic building block of matter? a. molecules b. compounds c. ions d. atoms e. minerals 18. Fundamental types of matter that have unique sets of properties and can- not be broken down into simpler sub- stances by chemical means are called . a. mixtures b. compounds c. iso- topes d. elements e. atoms 19. Which substance is a compound? a. water b. oxygen c. nitrogen d. hydrogen e. carbon 20. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are all . a. forms of energy b. equal in mass c. subatomic particles d. negative ions e. charged particles 21. The atomic number is equal to the number of . a. atoms in a molecule b. protons in an atom c. neutrons in a molecule d. electrons in an atom e. pro- tons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom ANSWER: a ANSWER: d ANSWER: a ANSWER: d ANSWER: d ANSWER: a ANSWER: c ANSWER: b 22. The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the . a. neutrons and isotopes b. neutrons and electrons c. neutrons and protons d. protons and electrons e. ions and isotope 23. Isotopes are the forms of an element that differ from one another by having dif- ferent . a. atomic numbers b. num- bers of electrons c. numbers of protons d. mass numbers e. electrical charges 24. An ion has a net positive or negative . a. proton b. isotope c. charge d. acid e. electron 25. What describes the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions com- pared to the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution? a. ionization b. pH c. alkalinity d. covalent bonding e. isotope 26. Fossil fuels are best characterized as a type of . a. atomic particle b. re- newable energy c. nonrenewable energy d. electromagnetic energy e. thermal en- ergy 27. High-quality energy can best be characterized as . a. fossilized b. pure c. electromagnetic d. kinetic e. con- centrated 28. Which law states that no energy can be created or destroyed? a. the first law of thermodynamics b. the second law of thermodynamics c. the law of conserva- tion of matter d. the environmental ex- change law e. the law of homeostasis 29. Energy efficiency refers to . a. how much energy we use b. how much energy is wasted c. how much heat is ANSWER: c ANSWER: d ANSWER: c ANSWER: b ANSWER: c ANSWER: e ANSWER: a ANSWER: d produced d. getting more work out of the energy we use e. getting more energy out of our work 30. What is an example of low-quality energy? a. electricity b. heat in the ocean c. nuclear fission d. gasoline e. food 31. What percentage of the energy used to produce food for living organisms, and to heat the earth, comes from the sun? a. 10 b. 29 c. 49 d. 79 e. 99 32. What does the first law of thermo- dynamics tell us? a. Doing work always creates heat. b. Altering matter is the best source of energy. c. Energy cannot be recycled. d. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. e. Energy cannot be con- verted. 33. The matter and energy laws tell us that we can recycle . a. both matter and energy b. neither matter nor energy c. matter but not energy d. energy but not matter e. nothing and everything 34. The energy "lost" by a system is . a. converted into an equal amount of matter b. equal to the energy the sys- tem create c. converted to lower quality energy d. returned to the system eventu- ally e. converted to higher quality energy 35. The two major types of energy are . a. chemical or physical b. kinetic or mechanical c. potential or mechanical d. potential or kinetic e. chemical or kinetic 36. Which example represents some- thing with kinetic energy? a. water in a reservoir behind a dam b. a rock held in your hand c. chemical energy stored in ANSWER: b ANSWER: e ANSWER: d ANSWER: c ANSWER: c ANSWER: d ANSWER: d food d. water in a stream e. light from the sun 37. Heat is best characterized as a kind of energy. a. light b. potential c. kinetic d. nuclear e. low 38. Scientists estimate that about of the energy used in the United States is unavoidably wasted. a. 5% b. 18% c. 55% d. 84% e. 96% 39. Energy can be formally defined as . a. the random motion of molecules b. the ability to do work c. a force that is exerted over some distanced. the move- ment of molecules e. the loss of matter 40. Which example best illustrates po- tential energy? a. the wind blowing b. water in a stream c. steam d. a car at the top of a hill e. electricity 41. The process of involves scien- tists publishing details of the methods they used, the results of their experi- ments, and the reasoning behind their hypotheses for other scientists working in the same field to evaluate. a. tentative science b. unreliable science c. reliable science d. peer review e. scientific law 42. A(n) is a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different ele- ments held together by chemical bonds. a. nucleus b. molecule c. isotope d. lipid e. cell 43. Scientific results and hypotheses that are presented as reliable without having undergone peer review, or are discarded as a result of peer review or additional research, are considered to ANSWER: c ANSWER: d ANSWER: b ANSWER: d [Show Less]