What is the rate of CPR in breaths and compressions: - ANSWER-6 breaths and 110 compressions in a minute
What is considered tachycardic for an adult? -
... [Show More] ANSWER-heart rate more than 100
What is considered bradycardic for an adult? - ANSWER-Heart rate less than 60
When is nitroglycerin not advised to be administered? - ANSWER-if the systolic blood pressure is less than 100
Where does blood flow after it leaves the left ventricle? - ANSWER-it flows to the aortic arch
What medication is Erectile Dysfunction medications a contraindication? - ANSWER-nitroglycerin
What is the parasympathetic system responsible for? - ANSWER-slowing the heart rate and intestinal activity
What is the function of the carotid artery? - ANSWER-it carries blood from the heart to the head
Are open ended or close ended questions better to ask? - ANSWER-open ended questions; it avoids the yes/no answer
what delivers blood to the right atrium? - ANSWER-the superior and inferior vena cava
What does diastolic blood pressure refer to? - ANSWER-it refers to the pressure of the vessels during the relaxation phase; bottom of the blood pressure
What is TIA - ANSWER-transient ischemic attack; this is where vessels in the brain are blocked for a few minutes
When do you change roles during CPR? - ANSWER-every two minutes
What is another name for a heart attack? - ANSWER-acute myocardial infarction
What does nitroglycerin do? - ANSWER-nitroglycerin dilates the vessels to reduce the hearts preload
When cells are deprived of oxygen and die they are called? - ANSWER-infarcted cells
What type of heart attack is extremely common in elderly? - ANSWER-silent heart attack
What is arteriosclerosis? - ANSWER-thickening of arterial walls
What is pericardial tamponade? - ANSWER-the heart is impeded by fluid in the pericardium
What happens when someone has a pericardial tamponade? - ANSWER-low blood pressure; muffled heart sound; weak pulse due to the hearts struggles to pump
If a patient is unresponsive with a pulse you: - ANSWER-2 quick rescue breaths then breaths 10-12 every minute
what does a sphygmonometer measure? - ANSWER-it measures blood pressure
what is a normal systolic blood pressure for a child? - ANSWER-80-110
what are three things to check if suspicious of a stroke? - ANSWER-speech, facial droop, arm drift
what are the actions of nitroglycerin - ANSWER-smooth muscle relaxation, reduces cardiac workload, dilates coronary arteries, and dilates systemic arteries
what happens if a patient has preeclampsia? - ANSWER-hypertensive; extremely high blood pressure and swelling in extremeties; susceptible to seizures
what is an ischemic stroke? - ANSWER-blood flow being cut off from part of the brain
what is the normal heart rate for a child - ANSWER-70-110 beats per minute
what ratio should 2 person cpr on a child be done at? - ANSWER-15:2
what is the correct treatment for someone undergoing aphyxial cardiac arrest? - ANSWER-5 cycles of CPR prior to retrieving the AED or emergency response system
what is the most common reason for cardiac arrest in children? - ANSWER-respiratory arrest
what does the term lumen refer to in EMS? - ANSWER-the diameter of a tube
rescue breathing guidelines: - ANSWER-adult: 1 breath every 5-6 seconds; child: 1 breath every 3-5 seconds
what does placing a folded towel underneath a childs shoulders do? - ANSWER-it aids in aligning the childs airway
what does DKA cause? - ANSWER-it causes frequent urination in an attempt to rid the body of excess acid buildup
what does alpha 1 receptors do? - ANSWER-vasoconstricts/shunts blood
what does beta 1 receptors do? - ANSWER-increases HR/contractility
what is the difference between compensatory and decompensatory stages of shock? - ANSWER-compensatory: normal blood pressure
decompensatory: Systemic blood pressure decreases and altered mental status
two types of frontal impact is: - ANSWER-up and over or down and under
up and over crashes injur: - ANSWER-head, neck, chest, abdomen
down and under crash injury: - ANSWER-knees, femurs, hips, pelvis, spine
what is the paper bag effect? - ANSWER-when a victim takes a deep breath before impact and the air trapped in the lungs is compressed; may cause a pneumothorax
coupe/contra coupe: - ANSWER-entire brain shifts forward hitting frontal bone and snapping veins/arteries; anterior and posterior bleeds
what is the Don Juan Syndrome? - ANSWER-landing feet first; bilateral heel fractures; ankle fractures; distal tibia/fibula fractures; knee dislocations; femur fractures, hip injuries, spine compression fractures
what are the 4 forces acting on a bullet? - ANSWER-drag, profile, cavitation, fragmentation
arterial bleed: - ANSWER-spurting, pulsating flow; bright red
venus bleed: - ANSWER-steady slow flow; dark red
capillary bleed: - ANSWER-slow, even flow; dark to intermediate red
Femur Blood Loss: - ANSWER-1500 mL
Pelvic blood loss: - ANSWER-2000 mL
abdomen loss with 1 inch distention: - ANSWER-1000-2000 mL
hematemisis signs: - ANSWER-blood in vomit
hematochezia signs: - ANSWER-bright red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the lower GI tract
Melena signs: - ANSWER-dark red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the upper respiratory tract
what do you do if an internal organ is exposed? - ANSWER-occlusive dressing x4; flex hips/knees if no spinal injury
if an object is impaled what do you do? - ANSWER-manually secure; control bleeding and stabilize object
ecchymosis is: - ANSWER-a bruise; deoxygenated blood in the tissue
fist size hemotoma causes how much blood loss? - ANSWER-10% blood loss
how do you treat a chest impalement? - ANSWER-occlusive dressing on 3 sides
how do you treat a neck injury? - ANSWER-occlusive dressing on 4 sides; consider c collar
what are the 5 steps to stop external bleeding? - ANSWER-direct pressure, tourniquet, pressure bandage, shock treatment (oxygen, elevation, blanket), rapid transport
what are the 5 steps to stop internal bleeding? - ANSWER-assess for shock, splint PRN, monitor Vital signs, rapid transport
PASG indications: - ANSWER-pelvic fracture, HYPOtension,
PASG contraindications: - ANSWER-pulmonary edema (absolute); penetrating thoracic, eviseration, pregnancy, impaled abdomen
what type of chemical burn is worse, acid or alkali? - ANSWER-alkali is worse
compartment syndrome: - ANSWER-pressure in space around the capillaries exceeds the pressure in needed to perfuse the tissues; blood flow is cut off and cells are hypoxic; extremity may feel hard and pulses may be normal
what is the only way out of the skull? - ANSWER-foramen magnum
increased CO2 affect in intracranial pressure - ANSWER-cerebral vessels dilate;Increased blood flow
decreased CO2, effect in intracranial pressure - ANSWER-cerebral vessels constrict; decreasing blood flow
head trauma level 1 signs/symptoms: - ANSWER-decorticate posturing; pupils mid sized and reactive; cheyne-stokes breathing
head trauma level 2 signs/symptoms: - ANSWER-decerebrate posturing; extension of upper extremities; torso and legs; pupils mid sized and fixed; central neurogenic hyperventilation
head trauma level 3 signs/symptoms: - ANSWER-flaccid, no reaction to pain, pupils fixed and dilated
basilar skull fracture signs/symptoms: - ANSWER-raccoon eyes; bruising behind ears; blood and CSF from ears/nose
epidural hematoma: - ANSWER-blood "pocket"; above the dura mater, usually from a rapidly expanding arterial bleed
subdural hematoma: - ANSWER-below the dura mater; usually from slowly expanding venous bleed; slowly develops over hours to days
acute subdural hematoma: - ANSWER-expands rapidly due to size of vessel; develops in a few hours
increasing ICP causes: - ANSWER-edema, ischemia, hemmorage
treatments for closed head injury - ANSWER-o2, ppv 12-16 bpm; capnography, monitor LOC, maybe reverse trendelenburg, c-spine precautions
most common vertebrae injuries for elderly: - ANSWER-C1 and C2
neurogenic shock: - ANSWER-warm, red, dry skin and maybe low BP; caused by injury to thoracic or above; decreased pulse
inspiration: - ANSWER-active; pressure drops, air is sucked in
exhalation: - ANSWER-relaxed; pressure rises and air is forced out
flail chest: - ANSWER-2 or more ribs broken loose in 2 places; paradoxical movement; split
pneumothorax: - ANSWER-air between pleural linings; lungs cant fully inflate leading to a collapsed lung
s/s of a pneumothorax: - ANSWER-decreased lung sounds on one side; respiratory distress; maybe bubbling chest wound
subcutaneous emphysema: - ANSWER-collection of air in the subcutaneous layers
tension pneumothorax: - ANSWER-hearts pumping ability is diminished; great vessels are bent and blood flow is hindered
s/s of a tension pneumothorax: - ANSWER-respiratory distress; dropping bp; jdv, tracheial deviation is a late sign; 3 side occlusive dressing
hemothorax: - ANSWER-blood in chest; bleeding in pleural space forming a pocket of blood at bases of lung; decreased lung expansion
thoracic contusions (bruising) - ANSWER-either bruise to lung; or bruise to heart; AMI like chest pain, arrhythmias and disturbances
pericardial tamponade: - ANSWER-pericardium does not stretch; bleeding between sac and heart muscle reduces the hearts pumping/filling ability; becks triad
becks triad: - ANSWER-narrowing pulse pressure; JVD, muffled heart sounds; pulsus pardoxus
pulsus paradoxus: - ANSWER-decrease in pulse and blood pressure when inhalation occurs
abdominal eviscerations: - ANSWER-moist, sterile, fiber free occlusive dressing; treat for shock
how do you place a patient that is pregnant: - ANSWER-place the patient on the left side; this prevents uterus compression
abruptio placentae: - ANSWER-separation of the placentae from the uterine wall; can result from traumatic injury; administer oxygen 100%
pediatric assessment triangle: - ANSWER-appearance: overall mental status; work of breathing: circulation to skin
differences in geriatric patient: - ANSWER-BP drops sooner; decreased cough reflex; hypertensive patients may have normal BP during shock
the five "rights" - ANSWER-right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, right route of administration
inidactions of Asprin: - ANSWER-patient having chest pain; may keep vessels that deliver blood to the heart from completely shutting off; suggestive of a heart attack
contraindications of aspirin: - ANSWER-allergy; patient with bleeding ulcers/internal bleeding
dosage of aspirin: - ANSWER-162-324 mg; 81 mg each baby aspriin
dosage of nitroglycerin: - ANSWER-0.4 mg
indication of nitroglycerin - ANSWER-cardiac chest pain
what does nitroglycerin do? - ANSWER-vasodilator; drops your preload to help the heart pump; reduces workload; drops blood pressure
conditions that must be met before administering nitroglycerin: - ANSWER-minimum systolic of 9ommhg; heart rate should be between 50-100; max of 3
contraindications of nitroglycerin - ANSWER-systolic lower than 90; cannot take with erectile dysfunciton medications; allergy
indications for oral glucose: - ANSWER-altered mental status; diabetes history; ability to swallow
contraindications for oral glucose: - ANSWER-unconcsious; inability to swallow
action of oral glucose: - ANSWER-increases blood sugar and brain sugar levels
side effects of oral glucose: - ANSWER-airway obstruciton
actions of epinephrine: - ANSWER-mimics response of sympathetic nervous system; constricts blood vessels to improve blood pressure; relaxes smooth muscles to improve breathing; stimulates heartbeat; reverses swelling and hives
side effects of epinephrine: - ANSWER-increased heart rate, pale skin, dizziness, chest pain, headache, nausea, vommiting, anxiousness, excitiability
indications for epinephrine: - ANSWER-hypertension; alterned mentation, breathing problems
indications for albuterol: - ANSWER-s/s of dyspnea with bronchoconstriction, wheezing
contraindications of albuterol: - ANSWER-not responsive enough to use; precautuions when chest pain; hr>150
dosage of albuterol in neb form: - ANSWER-2.5 mg/ml
indications for activated charcoal: - ANSWER-poison ingested by mouth within two hours time [Show Less]