EDF 6225 Guided Notes 148 Questions with Verified Answers
A_________ratio schedule requires a specified number of responses before a response produces
... [Show More] reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed
The word_______refers to a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the world - CORRECT ANSWER Science
Scientific investigations can yield information regarding the three levels of understanding which are_______________ - CORRECT ANSWER Description, prediction, and control
_______studies produce a collection of facts about the observed events that can be qualified, classified, and examined for possible relations to other known facts - CORRECT ANSWER Scientific
When a systematic covariation occurs between two events, we are able to predict the probability that one event will occur in conjunction with the other event. This is called_______ - CORRECT ANSWER Correlation
The highest level of scientific understanding is______ - CORRECT ANSWER Control
We specifically manipulate one event in order to produce a reliable change in another event and the change in the dependent variable is not likely due to extraneous factors or confounding variables. This relationship is called a_______________ - CORRECT ANSWER Functional relation
The________is the event in which we observe change - CORRECT ANSWER Dependent variable
The_______is the event in which we manipulate - CORRECT ANSWER Independent variable
The "behavior" we wish to change is known as the_________ - CORRECT ANSWER Dependent variable
The "intervention" we employ is known as the_________ - CORRECT ANSWER Independent variable
When we apply an intervention we are manipulating the______ - CORRECT ANSWER Independent variable
The change we see in the target behavior is known as the_______ - CORRECT ANSWER Dependent variable
A________is demonstrated when we manipulate the independent variable and see a change in the dependent variable that is not likely due to confounding variables - CORRECT ANSWER Functional relation
__________is the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur as a result of other events - CORRECT ANSWER Determinism
_______is the objective observation of the phenomena of interest - CORRECT ANSWER Empiricism
_________is the repeating of experiments to determine reliability and usefulness of findings - CORRECT ANSWER Replication
The______is the natural science approach for discovering orderly and reliable relations between behavior and various types of environmental variables of which is the function - CORRECT ANSWER EAB
___________is the philosophy of the science of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviorism
__________attempts to explain all behavior including private events - CORRECT ANSWER Radical behaviorism
_________is the philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed outside the realm of science - CORRECT ANSWER Methodological behaviorism
In the early 1900s the struggling field of psychology was based on introspection and states of___________ - CORRECT ANSWER Consciousness
The______dimension of ABA was summarized by Baer applied research is constrained to examining behaviors which are socially significant - CORRECT ANSWER Applied
________is the dimension in which we are certain that we not only changed the behavior but we know whose behavior changed - CORRECT ANSWER Behavioral
________defines how we arrive to our decision as to whether or not behavior change occurs as we predicted - CORRECT ANSWER Analytic
________means that we fully disclose all of the procedures we followed in order to measure behavior before and during intervention as well as how the intervention was applied - CORRECT ANSWER Technological
_______procedures mean that we rely on behavioral procedures derived from research - CORRECT ANSWER Conceptually systematic
________is the golden standard for our procedures. Can be done in other settings and maintained - CORRECT ANSWER Generality
When a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior increase it is known as_________ - CORRECT ANSWER Positive reinforcement
__________is when a stimulus is added and future occupancies of behavior decreases - CORRECT ANSWER Positive punishment
When a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior increase it is known as________ - CORRECT ANSWER Negative reinforcement
When a________is added and future frequencies of behavior increase it is known as positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Stimulus
_______punishment is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases - CORRECT ANSWER Positive
_______reinforcement is when a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior increase - CORRECT ANSWER Positive
________reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior increase - CORRECT ANSWER Negative
____________is when a stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decrease - CORRECT ANSWER Positive punishment
_________is when a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior increase - CORRECT ANSWER Negative reinforcement
Reinforcement theory is a ___________theory - CORRECT ANSWER Operant
All components are defined by their function rather than their topography - CORRECT ANSWER Operant theory
Positive reinforcement is a functional relation defined by a two-term contingency: a response is followed immediately by the______of a stimulus and as a result similar responses occur more frequently in the future - CORRECT ANSWER Addition
The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called_____________ - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement
A delay can_________the intended effects of a stimulus because it allows for another unintended stimulus to happen prior to the intended stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Change
In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows_________changes the function of antecedent stimuli - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement
This antecedent stimuli may evoke behavior because it is correlated with the availability of reinforcement and is known as the___________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Discriminative stimulus (SD)
The discriminative stimulus only signals the____________of a reinforcer. It does not change the effectiveness of the reinforcer. - CORRECT ANSWER Availability
A__________increases or decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer. It does not signal the occurrence of a reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER MO (motivating operation)
The refrigerator may typically signal the availability of food and food could be considered a______________if you are hungry - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcer
Your hunger is not contingent on the availability of the refrigerator and can happen anywhere. Your hunger is considered a______________ - CORRECT ANSWER Motivating operation (MO)(EO)
Your refrigerator may be available when you are not hungry. It is always there. Your refrigerator is simply a signal for the availability of reinforcement, otherwise known as the__________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Discriminative stimuli
___________________are simply stimuli that function as reinforcement without requiring any learning history. - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditioned reinforcers
_______________are previously neutral stimuli that function as reinforcers as a result of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned reinforcers
A__________________is a conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current EO or any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness - CORRECT ANSWER Generalized conditioned reinforcer
As Skinner pointed out, the powerful reinforcer does not need to be_________for instructional purposes - CORRECT ANSWER Contrived
An____________is one in which responding terminates an ongoing aversive stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Escape contingency
An______is one in which responding delays or prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Avoidance contingency
In_________responding in the presence of a signal prevents stimulus presentation - CORRECT ANSWER Discriminated avoidance
In________responding at any time prevents stimulus presentation - CORRECT ANSWER Free-operant avoidance
Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called_______ - CORRECT ANSWER Escape
Postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called__________ - CORRECT ANSWER Avoidance
Escape_____________as an intervention may actually backfire and shape more dangerous behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Maintained behavior
According to Ruddle positively reinforced behavior may compete with but will not suppress________respoding that is reinforced concurrently - CORRECT ANSWER Escape
According to Iwata_______might be considered more intrusive than punishment because with negative reinforcement presentation of the aversive stimulus is contingent on the absence rather than the occurrence of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Negative reinforcement
Punishment has occurred when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and_________the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions - CORRECT ANSWER Decreases
A decrease in the future frequency of behavior must be observed before consequent based intervention qualifies as__________ - CORRECT ANSWER Punishment
__________has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the removal of a stimulus immediately following a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Negative punishment
__________has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the addition of a stimulus immediately following a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Positive punishment
Because aversive events are associated with positive punishment and with negative reinforcement the term__________control is often used to describe interventions involving either or both of these strategies - CORRECT ANSWER Aversive
A____________is a stimulus that has acquired its punishing capabilities by being paired with unconditioned or conditioned punishers - CORRECT ANSWER Punisher
___________is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Punishment
Dr. Murray Sidman summarized many times that we consider virtue to be its own__________ - CORRECT ANSWER Punishment
He also indicated that it is a myth to believe that punishment does not teach anything because it effectively teaches avoidance and___________ - CORRECT ANSWER Escape
Punishment must also be paired with__________ - CORRECT ANSWER Positive reinforcement
The power of punishment techniques is that they can rapidly__________an individual's rate of problem behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease
Negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the________of a stimulus immediately following a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Removal
____________is when a person or device blocks a response to prevent it from completing - CORRECT ANSWER Response blocking
Response blocking would be considered_____________punishment(based on evidence from behavior decreasing) - CORRECT ANSWER Positive
___________is defined as withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time - CORRECT ANSWER Time out
Time out would be considered________punishment(based on evidence from behavior decreasing) - CORRECT ANSWER Negative
____________is when contingent upon a problem behavior the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly related or logically related to the problem - CORRECT ANSWER Overcorrection
Overcorrection would be considered ______________punishment(based on evidence from behavior decreasing) - CORRECT ANSWER Positive
_________is a form of punishment with the loss of specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on the performance of an inappropriate behavior and results in the decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Response cost
Response cost would be considered ____________punishment (based on evidence from behavior decreasing) - CORRECT ANSWER Negative
____________is when the learner must repair the damage caused by the problem behavior and then bring the environment back to a condition that is notably improved than before the behavior occurred - CORRECT ANSWER Restitutional overcorrection
A direct fine is an example of a__________ - CORRECT ANSWER Response cost
Time out will typically be ineffective if "time in" is not _____ - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcing
A conditioned punisher is a stimulus that has acquired its punishing capabilities by being paired with_____________ - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditioned or conditioned punishers
A punisher is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and__________the future frequency of that type of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Decreases
________can result from abrupt increase in ration requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules - CORRECT ANSWER Ratio strain
If the contingency between responses and reinforcement depends on time, the schedule is called an - CORRECT ANSWER Interval schedule
If the contingency between responses and reinforcement depends on the number of responses, the schedule is called a___________ - CORRECT ANSWER Variable ratio
A variable_________schedule requires a variable number of responses before a response produces reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Ratio
A fixed___________schedule provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of a specific, constant duration of time since the last reinforced response - CORRECT ANSWER Interval
A_________interval schedule provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response - CORRECT ANSWER Variable
When a________is added to an interval schedule, reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI interval - CORRECT ANSWER Limited hold
__________are where reinforcement occurs when (a) two or more contingencies of reinforcement (b) operate independently and simultaneously (c) for two or more behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER Concurrent schedule
___________are where reinforcement occurs in an alternating usually random sequence and can be identified by a discriminative stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple schedules
___________requires a variable number of responses before a response produces reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Variable schedule
____________are much like the multiple schedules in that it relies on a discriminative stimulus, however the order is always the same - CORRECT ANSWER Chain schedule
A__________provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of a specific constant duration of time since the last reinforced response - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed interval
A______ratio schedule requires a specified number of responses before a response produces reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed
Hernstein conceptualized the_________by discovering a near perfect correlation between reinforcement and behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Matching law
A_____________provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response - CORRECT ANSWER Variable interval
"Make it less effort for the learner to obtain high rates of immediately available high quality rewards for the desired behavior relative to those associated with undesirable behavior" this describes the dimensions of a reinforcer which include__________,________________,________________, and_____________. - CORRECT ANSWER Contingency
immediacy
size
deprivation
A MO alters the effectiveness to some stimulus as a reinforcer which is known as the_________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Value altering effect
A MO also alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus which is known as the________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior altering effect
In addition to___________other aspects of behavior such as response magnitude, latency, and relative frequency can be altered by an MO - CORRECT ANSWER Frequency
The__________is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO) - CORRECT ANSWER Value altering effect
"Certain events acquire their value and behavior altering effects as a result of the person's evolutionary history" This is what we call_____________ - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditioned MO
Just as in unconditioned reinforcers, UMOs do not require a learning________to be established - CORRECT ANSWER History
CMOs are value and behavior altering events that are a result of a person's learning history. Just like conditioned reinforcers they acquire status by being______________with their conditioned or previously paired conditioned counterpart - CORRECT ANSWER Paired
When food deprivation is an EO the value altering effect is an_________in the reinforcing effectiveness of food - CORRECT ANSWER Increase
When food deprivation is an EO the behavior altering effect is an increase in the current__________of all behavior that has been reinforced by food - CORRECT ANSWER Frequency
A discriminative stimulus controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential_________of a reinforcer for that type of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Availability
When the environmental event is becoming too warm it____________the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by becoming cooler - CORRECT ANSWER Decreases
In the EO the__________is an increase of the current effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Value altering effect
The__________is an increase in the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior altering effect
_________________are related to the differential availability of a currently effective form of reinforcement for a particular type of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Discriminative stimulus
_____________are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of a particular type of environmental event - CORRECT ANSWER Motivating operations
Motivating variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of other stimuli but only as a result of the organism's learning history are called_________ - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned MOs
______________is a stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value and behavior altering effects as the MO with which it was paired - CORRECT ANSWER Surrogate CMO (CMO-S)
____________is a stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement - CORRECT ANSWER Reflexive CMO (CMO-R)
An environmental variable that establishes or abolishes the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes or abates the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus is a_____________ - CORRECT ANSWER Transitive CMO (CMO-T)
An SD controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential___________of an effective reinforcer for that type of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement
_____________is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO) - CORRECT ANSWER Motivating operation
In the abolishing operation the value altering effect is a________in the current effectiveness of some stimulus as reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease
In the abolishing operation the behavior altering effect is a decrease in the current_________of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Frequency
"Measurement is how we operationalize__________" - CORRECT ANSWER Empiricism
At the very foundation of our science measurement legitimizes our practice so that we can toss around the phrase_________________with sincerity - CORRECT ANSWER Evidence based
Frequent and____________measurement of behavior ensures that ineffective treatments are not continued and effective treatments are continued - CORRECT ANSWER Accurate
Because behavior occurs within and across time it has three dimensional qualities______________ - CORRECT ANSWER Repeatability
Temporal locus
Temporal extent
_______________demonstrates that the response can be counted - CORRECT ANSWER Repeatability
______________describes the duration of the response - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal extent
______________describes the duration between the response and some other stimulus in the environment - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal locus
Response latency falls under the___________dimension of behavior measurement - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal locus
Frequency falls under the______________dimension of behavior measurement - CORRECT ANSWER Repeatability
Duration falls under the____________dimension of behavior measurement - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal extent
Interresponse time (IRT) falls under the________________dimension of behavior measurement - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal locus
__________________is behavior that is built using discrete trial methods where a distinct antecedent is presented and only one response can be emitted - CORRECT ANSWER Restricted operant behavior
___________________is behavior that is not constrained by an antecedent and consequence stimuli for each response, rather the behavior occurs repeatedly and often at a high frequency - CORRECT ANSWER Free operant behavior
A specific advantage of using free operant methods in teaching situations is the ability to evaluate________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Frequency
Frequencies of free operant responding are best charted on the_________ - CORRECT ANSWER Standard celeration chart
Measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring its effects on the environment is known as measurement by_______________ - CORRECT ANSWER Permanent product
To be useful in science measurement must be___________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Valid
Accurate
Reliable
Behavioral measurement is considered to be____________when the target behavior was measured directly, the dimension of the target behavior was relevant to the context of the behavior, and the data collected were representative of the behavior under conditions and during times that were most relevant - CORRECT ANSWER Valid
Behavioral measurement is____________when observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state or values of the event - CORRECT ANSWER Accurate
Behavioral measurement is___________when it yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event - CORRECT ANSWER Reliable
____________is when there is unintended changes in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation. This can be minimized by constant feedback and monitoring - CORRECT ANSWER Observer drift
If everyone reports the same measurement but the measurement instrument is broken we can say that the measurement procedure lacks______________, but demonstrated reliability - CORRECT ANSWER Validity [Show Less]