EDF 6225 Final Exam 308 Questions with Verified Answers
BF Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER in preparation for the BCAB certification exam, please know that
... [Show More] the material is based on the work of _____________
Standard Celeration Chart - CORRECT ANSWER only standardized form of data measurement in our science
Dr Ogden Lindsey - CORRECT ANSWER coined the term SAFMEDS circa 1980 to refer to the cards and how to best use them for learning
SAFMEDS - CORRECT ANSWER Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffle
Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) - CORRECT ANSWER - single governing body for professionals in the field of behavior analysis
- established in 1998 to provide certification to professionals in an effort to establish minimum criteria to be a reactionary
science - CORRECT ANSWER a systematic approach fro seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world
Three levels of understanding - CORRECT ANSWER description, prediction, control
descriptive - CORRECT ANSWER studies that produce a collection of facts about the observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts
correlation - CORRECT ANSWER when a systematic co-variation occurs between two events, we are able to predict the probability that one event will occur in conjunction with the other event
control - CORRECT ANSWER - highest level of scientific understanding
- specifically manipulate one event in order to produce a reliable change in another event
independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER The factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied
dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER The outcome factor in which we observe change; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Functional Relation - CORRECT ANSWER when one event is specifically manipulated in order to produce a reliable change in another event, and the change in the dependent variable in not likely due to other extraneous factors (confounding variables)
dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the "behavior" we wish to change
- the change we see in target bx
independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the "intervention" we employ
- the stimuli we manipulate
Functional Relation - CORRECT ANSWER when we manipulate the independent variable and see a change in the dependent variable and that change is not likely due to confounding variables
determinism - CORRECT ANSWER assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur as a result of other events
Empiricism - CORRECT ANSWER The objective observation of the phenomena of interest
Replication - CORRECT ANSWER repeating of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of the findings
parsimony - CORRECT ANSWER considers the simplest , most logical explanation of a phenomenon before more complex explanations are considered
3 major branches of behavior analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviorism
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Experimental Analysis of Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER natural science approach for discovering orderly and reliable relations between behaviors and various types of environmental variables of which it functions.
Behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER established by Bear, Wolf, and Risley in 1968 with 7 guiding dimentions
Radical Behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER Attempts to study all behavior, including private events, such as thoughts/feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and species.
methodological behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science.
The Behavior of Organisms - CORRECT ANSWER - skinner describes some of his most important research in ____
- describes experiments that demonstrated orderly and reliable relationships between behavior and the environment
Applied dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER - Improving the socially significant behaviors of people's lives
- Bear et al (1968) : applied research is constrained to examining behaviors which are socially important (socially significant) rather than convenient for study
Behavioral dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER behaviors that are observable and measurable
Analytic dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER defines how we arrive to our decision as to whether or not behavior change occurred as we predicted
technological dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER Defines procedures clearly and in detail so they are replicable
Conceptually Systematic Dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER rely on behavioral procedures derived from the research, not just random attempts to change behavior
Effective (Dimension of ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER shows that the behavior we selected was objectively measures and it demonstrated a reliable change
Generality (Dimension of ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER - golden standard of ABA procedures
- when an intervention not only changes behavior in one setting with on person, but maintains across other settings/people
positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER when a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase
positive punishment - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior decrease
negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase
negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior decrease
Reinforcement Theory - CORRECT ANSWER a functional theory
functional theories - CORRECT ANSWER means all of its components are defined by their function (how they work)
structural theories - CORRECT ANSWER means all of its components are defined by their structure (how they look)
positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER - a functional relation defined by a two-term contingency
- first, a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus
- then, as a result, a similar response occurs more frequently in the future
reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER any stimulus change or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
delay of reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER diminishes the intended effects of a stimulus because it allows for another, unintended stimulus to happen prior to the intended stimulus
Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER changes the function of antecedent stimulus
discriminative stimulus (Sd) - CORRECT ANSWER - a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
- only signals the availability of a reinforcer / not the effectiveness of the reinforcer
- refrigerator is always there, it does not make you hungry, it only represents the availability of the reinforcement of food
Motivating Operation (MO) - CORRECT ANSWER - increases (EO) or decreases (AO) the current effectiveness of a reinforcer
- does not signal the availability of a reinforcer
- preference/adverseness of skittles
reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER the refrigerator may typically signal the availability of food and food could be considered a _________ if you are hungry
Establishing Operation (EO) - CORRECT ANSWER - A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer
- food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer
- your hunger is not contingent of the availability of the refrigerator (you can be hungry in the absence of a fridge) in this instance your hunger is an _____________
Unconditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER - stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning
- its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (all members of species are susceptible to the same properties of stimuli)
- food, shelter, water, warmth
conditioned reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER - a previously neutral stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
- also known as a secondary reinforcer
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER a conditioned reinforcer that has a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depended on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness
contrived reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER as Skinner (1989) pointed out, the powerful reinforcer "does not need to be contrived for instructional purposes; it is unrelated to any particular kind of behavior and hence always available
escape contingency - CORRECT ANSWER when responding terminated an ongoing aversive stimulus
avoidance contingency - CORRECT ANSWER when responding delays or prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus
discredited avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER responding in the presence of a signal prevents stimulus presentation
free-operant avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER Responding at any time prevents stimulus presentation
escape - CORRECT ANSWER removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior called ___________ behavior
avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce ________ behavior
escape extinction - CORRECT ANSWER as an intervention may actually backfire and shape more dangerous behaviors
avoidance/escape - CORRECT ANSWER positively reinforced behavior may compete with, but will not suppress _________ responding that is reinforced concurrently
negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER according to Iwatta _________________________ might be considered more intrusive than punishment because, with negative reinforcement, presentation of the aversive stimulus in contingent on the absence, rather than the occurrence, of behavior
decreases - CORRECT ANSWER punishment has occurred when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and ________ the future frequency of behavior in similar conditions
punishment - CORRECT ANSWER punishment is defined neither by the actions of the person delivering the consequences not by the nature of those consequences. A decrease in the future frequency of occurrence of the behavior much be observed before consequent-based intervention qualifies as __________
negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWER the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
positive punishment - CORRECT ANSWER the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
aversive control - CORRECT ANSWER - associated with both positive punishment and negative reinforcement
- used to describe interventions involving either or both of these contingencies
conditioned punisher - CORRECT ANSWER acquired its punishing properties capabilities by being paired with unconditioned or conditioned punishers
punisher - CORRECT ANSWER a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior
reward ; escape - CORRECT ANSWER Dr. Murry Sidman summarized many times that we consider virtue to be its own ________ . He also indicated that it is a myth to believe that punishment does not teach anything because it effectively teaches avoidance and __________ .
positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER punishment much be paired with ________
decrease - CORRECT ANSWER - the power of punishment techniques is that they can rapidly ________ and individual's rate of problem behaviors
- merely suppressing unacceptable behaviors is not enough: the individual should also be taught appropriate and functional behaviors
removal - CORRECT ANSWER negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreed by the _________ of a stimulus immediately following a behavior
response blocking ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER _______________ is when a person or device blocks a response to prevent it from completing, would be considered _________ punishment
time out ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER ________ is defined as withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time. This would be considered ___________ punishment
over-correction ; positive - CORRECT ANSWER when, contingent upon a problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem. This would be considered ____________ punishment
response cost ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER a form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on an inappropriate behavior, and results in the decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior. This would be considered ______ punishment
restitutional overcorrection - CORRECT ANSWER after the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the situation and bring the environment back to a condition that is notably improved than before the behavior occurred
response cost - CORRECT ANSWER The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment
reinforcing - CORRECT ANSWER time out will typically be ineffective if "time in" is not ________
conditioned punisher - CORRECT ANSWER a stimulus that has acquired its pushing capabilities by being paired with punishers (conditioned or unconditioned)
decreases - CORRECT ANSWER punisher is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and _______ the future frequency of that type of behavior
ratio strain - CORRECT ANSWER results from abrupt increase in ration requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER if the contingency b/w responses and reinforcement depends on time, the schedule is call _______
ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER in the contingency b/w responses and reinforcement depends on the number of responses, the schedule is call _______
fixed-ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER requires a specified number of responses before a response produces reinforcement
variable-ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER requires a variable number of responses before a response produces reinforcement
fixed-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response
limited hold - CORRECT ANSWER when reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI schedule
concurrent schedules of reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a) 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement b) operate independently and simultaneously c) for 2 or more behaviors; choice making
Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in an alternating , usually random sequence and can be identified by the discriminating stimulus
variable-ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER requires a variable number of responses before a response produces reinforcement
chained schedules - CORRECT ANSWER much like multiple schedules in that it relies on discriminative stimulus; however, the order is not random- it is always the same
fixed-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the response following the elapse of a specific, constant duration of time since the last reinforced response
matching law - CORRECT ANSWER Herrenstein conceptualized the _______ by discovering a near perfect correlation b/w reinforcement and behavior
varaible-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response
four dimensions of a reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER rate, quality, delay, and effort
Empiricism - CORRECT ANSWER measurement is how we operationalize _______
evidence-based - CORRECT ANSWER at the very foundation of our science, measurement legitimizes our practice so that we can toss around the phrase "_________ ________" with sincerity
frequent and accurate - CORRECT ANSWER measurement of behavior ensures that ineffective treatments are not continued and effective treatments are continued
three dimensional qualities of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER repeatability, temporal extent, and temporal locus
repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER demonstrates the the response can be counted
Temporal Extent - CORRECT ANSWER describes the duration of the response
temporal locus - CORRECT ANSWER describes the duration b/w the response and some other stimulus in the environment
temporal locus - CORRECT ANSWER response latency falls under ________ dimensions of behavior assessment
Repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER frequency falls under the _____ dimension of bx measurement
Temporal Extent - CORRECT ANSWER duration falls under ______ dimension of bx measurement
temporal locus - CORRECT ANSWER inter response time falls under ______ dimension of bx measurement
restricted-operant bx - CORRECT ANSWER bx that is built using discrete-trial methods, where a distinct antecedent stimulus is presented and only one response can be emitted
free-operant bx - CORRECT ANSWER bx that is not constrained by an antecedent and consequence stimuli for each response; rather, the bx occurs repeatedly and often at a high frequency
Frequency - CORRECT ANSWER specific advantage of using free-operant methods in teaching situations is the ability to evaluate ______
percent-correct measure - CORRECT ANSWER unable to evaluate frequency using restricted operants; rather, behavior is typically evaluated according to a ______
Standard Celeration Chart - CORRECT ANSWER frequencies of free-operant responding are best charted on the ______
permanent product - CORRECT ANSWER measuring bx after it has occurred by measuring its effects on the environment is known as measurement by ________
reliable, valid, accurate - CORRECT ANSWER to be useful in science, measurement must be
valid - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _____ when the target bx was measured directly, the dimension of the target bx was relevant to the context of the bx, and the data collected were representative of the bx under conditions and during times that were most relevant
accurate - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _______ when observed values, the date produced by measuring an event math the true state or values of the event
reliable - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _____ when it yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event
observer drift - CORRECT ANSWER - Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error
- can be minimized by constant feedback and monitoring
validity ; reliability - CORRECT ANSWER if everyone reports the same measurement, but the measurement instrument is broken, we can say that the measurement procedure lacks ______ , but demonstrated ______
value-altering ; bx-altering - CORRECT ANSWER A motivating operation alters the effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer, which is known as the ___________________________ effect and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, which is known as the ___________________________ effect.
frequency - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to___________________________, other aspects of behavior such as response magnitude, latency, and relative frequency can be altered by an MO.
value-altering - CORRECT ANSWER The ___________________________ is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO).
unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs) - CORRECT ANSWER "Certain events acquire their value- and behavior-altering effects as a result of the person's evolutionary history" (Langthorne & McGill, 2009, p. 24). This is what we call ___________________________.
history ; paired - CORRECT ANSWER Just as in unconditioned reinforcers, UMOs do not require a learning ___________________________ to be established. On the other hand, Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) are value- and behavior-altering events that are a result of the person's learning history. Just like conditioned reinforcers, they acquire their status by being___________________________ with their unconditioned (or another previously paired conditioned) counterpart.
increase ; frequency - CORRECT ANSWER When food deprivation is an establishing operation, the value-altering effect is an ___________________________ in the reinforcing effectiveness of food. The behavior- altering effect is an increase in the current ___________________________ of all behavior that has been reinforced by food.
availability - CORRECT ANSWER A discriminative stimulus controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential ___________________________ of a reinforcer for that type of behavior.
increases - CORRECT ANSWER When the environmental event is "becoming too warm", it ___________________________ the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by becoming cooler.
value-altering ; bx-altering - CORRECT ANSWER In the establishing operation, the ___________________________ is an increase in the current effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as reinforcement. The ___________________________ is a increase in the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
discriminative stimulus ; motivation operations - CORRECT ANSWER ___________________________ are related to the differential availability of a currently effective form of reinforcement for a particular type of behavior; ___________________________ are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of a particular type of environmental event.
conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) - CORRECT ANSWER Motivating variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of other stimuli, objects, or events, but only as a result of the organism's learning history, are called ___________________________.
surrogate - CORRECT ANSWER ___________________________ CMO is a stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO, and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.
reflexive - CORRECT ANSWER ___________________________ CMO is a stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement.
transitive - CORRECT ANSWER An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus is a ___________________________ CMO.
availability - CORRECT ANSWER An SD controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential ___________________________ of an effective reinforcer for that type of behavior.
value-altering - CORRECT ANSWER ___________________________ is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO).
decrease ; frequency - CORRECT ANSWER In the abolishing operation, the value-altering effect is a ___________________________ in the current effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as reinforcement. The behavior-altering effect is a decrease in the current ___________________________ of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
Establishing operation -> discriminative stimulus -> response -> reinforcing stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:
Automatic reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER involves the reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it
conditioned - CORRECT ANSWER __________ reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers.
unconditioned reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as
reinforcer assessments - CORRECT ANSWER ______________ can be used to experimentally verify whether stimuli identified as highly preferred do indeed function as reinforcers.
Premack Principle (Grandma's Rule) - CORRECT ANSWER Arranging high-frequency (ie., high preference) activities to follow low-frequency (ie., low preference) activities is an application of
false ; they reinforce bx - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior analysts reinforce people.
true - CORRECT ANSWER A behavior is reinforced, not the person.
reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called:
true - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of antecedent stimuli.
discriminative stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n) ________.
false - CORRECT ANSWER Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence.
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER A _________ is a conditioned reinforcer that does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.
escape ; avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called _____________ whereas postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called _____________.
- ensure that the teaching technique is varied and not aversive
- ensure that the demand is not too difficult
- ensure that the demand is not too easy
all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER To avoid shaping more dangerous escape maintained behaviors in educational settings, the person intervening should:
true - CORRECT ANSWER According to Osborne's 1969 study, Iwata indicated that free time could either be defined as the availability of preferred activities or the termination of non-preferred activities.
false - CORRECT ANSWER When a student exhibits an undesirable, but not dangerous behavior when presented with a demand, it is recommended that you ignore the minor behavior and prevent escape in order to extinguish the behavior.
true - CORRECT ANSWER Positive reinforcement for compliance alone does not suppress avoidance-motivated self-injury.
produce increase in future bx - CORRECT ANSWER Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both [Show Less]