Title: Digestion and Absorption - Class 11 Biology Notes
I. Introduction to Digestion and Absorption
Definition and significance of digestion and
... [Show More] absorption in living organisms.
Overview of the digestive system's role in breaking down food and extracting nutrients.
Basic terminology and key concepts in digestive physiology.
II. Components of the Digestive System
Introduction to the major components of the digestive system:
The oral cavity: structures, functions, and processes of digestion.
The digestive tract: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated glands.
Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
III. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Mechanical digestion: mastication and peristalsis.
Chemical digestion: enzymes and their role in breaking down macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids).
pH levels and their significance in the digestive process.
IV. Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
Role and sources of digestive enzymes:
Amylases, proteases, lipases, and nucleases.
Enzymes produced by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
Activation and specific functions of each enzyme.
V. Digestion in the Stomach
Structure and functions of the stomach.
Gastric juice composition and its role in protein digestion.
Regulation of gastric secretion and the importance of gastric mucosa.
VI. Digestion in the Small Intestine
Structure and functions of the small intestine.
Pancreatic enzymes and their functions.
Absorption of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals) in the small intestine.
The role of villi and microvilli in increasing surface area for absorption.
VII. Absorption in the Large Intestine
Functions and structure of the large intestine.
Absorption of water and electrolytes.
Formation and elimination of feces.
VIII. Role of Accessory Organs
The liver's role in digestion and detoxification.
Pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate secretion.
Gallbladder function in storing and releasing bile.
IX. Regulatory Mechanisms
The role of hormones (gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin) in digestive regulation.
Neural control of digestion.
Feedback mechanisms in digestive processes.
X. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
Common digestive disorders: acid reflux, gastritis, ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Impact of diet and lifestyle on digestive health.
Medical interventions and treatments for digestive diseases. [Show Less]