CSET 215 & 217 Study Guide
CSET 215 & 217
CSET 215 & 217 Study Guide
Three types of cells: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, archaea
Prokaryotes:
... [Show More] consist only of bacteria and cyanobacteria
The cytoplasm has a single chromosome condensed to form a nucleoid
Have a thick wall made up of amino sugars, that provides protection, gives the cell shape, and keeps the cell from bursting
Cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell
Flagella: appendages used for movement
Pili: protein strand use for attachment
Most numerous and widespread organisms on earth
Ability to adapt to the environment allow them to thrive in a wide variety of habitats
Absorb nutrients from the environment through small channels in their cell wall and membrane while some perform photosynthesis
All bacteria reproduce through binary fission
Eukaryotes: found in protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Contain many organelles, which are membrane-bound areas for specific functions
Cytoplasm contains a cytoskeleton which provides a protein framework for the cell
Cytosol: the aqueous solution of the cytoplasm
The plasma membrane allows molecules to pass in and out of the cell
Exocytosis is the secretory mechanism, the reverse of endocytosis
Have a nucleus
• Inside the are the chromosomes which consists of chromatin, complexes of DNA and proteins
Nucleolus which is found inside the nucleus, is where ribosomes are made
Nucleoplasm: protoplasm within the nucleus
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
• Free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is the “roadway” of the cell and allows for transport of materials through and out of the cell
• Is folded and has a large surface area
• Two types: smooth and rough
• Smooth ER: contain no ribosomes on their surface and are the site of lipid synthesis
• Rough ER: has ribosomes on their surface and aid in the synthesis of proteins that are membrane-bound of destined for secretion
Golgi apparatus functions to sort, modify, and package molecules that are made in the other parts of the cell
• Sent out of the cell or to other organelles within the cell
Lysosomes
• Found mainly in animal cells
• Digestive enzymes that break down food, unnecessary substances, viruses, damaged cell components, and, eventually, the cell itself
• Play a role in the aging process
Mitochondria
• Large organelles that are the site of cellular respiration, the production of ATP that supplies energy to the cell
• Use a great deal of energy
• Have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes and are capable of reproducing by binary fission
• Two membranes: a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane
• Folds inside the mitochondria are called cristae
Plastids
• Are found only in photosynthetic organisms such as plants
• Have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
• Can reproduce if the need for the increased capture of sunlight becomes necessary
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis
Chromoplasts make and store yellow and orange pigments
• They provide color to leaves, flowers, and fruits
Amyloplasts store starch and are used as a food reserve
Cell walls
• Found only in plant cells
• Composed of cellulose and fibers
• Thich enough for support and protection
• Allows water and dissolved substances to enter
Vacuoles
• Found mostly in plant cells
• Hold stored food and pigments
Cytoskeleton
• Found in both animal and plant cells
• Protein filaments attached to the plasma membrane and organelles
• Framework for the cell and aids in cell movement
• Three types of fibers
• Microtubules
Largest
Make up cilia and flagella for locomotion
Aid in cell division
• Intermediate filaments
Help the cell keep its shape
• Microfilaments
Smallest
Made of actin and small amounts of myosin
Function in cell movement like cytoplasmic streaming, endocytosis, and ameboid movement
Animals
Are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
Animal cells perform cellular respiration that converts food molecules, mainly carbohydrates and fats, into energy
Simple invertebrates eliminate waste through a single tube, while complex vertebrates have a specialized system of organs that process and excrete waste
Two distinct sexes
Most animals reproduce sexually
Plants
Are multi-cellular, eukaryotic organisms
Obtain nutrients from the soil through their root systems and convert sunlight into the chemical bond energy of carbohydrates through photosynthesis
More than half of the plant species reproduce by producing seeds from which new plants grow
Flowers of flowering plants contain the reproductive organs
Pollination is the joining of male and female gametes that is often facilitated by movement by wind or animals (like bees)
Fungi
Eukaryotic
All fungi are heterotrophs, obtaining nutrients from other organisms
Fungi obtain nutrients by digesting and absorbing nutrients from dead organisms
Most can reproduce asexually and sexually
Mating types of fungi are plus and minus, not males and females
Protists
Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms
Obtain nutrients by ingesting small molecules and cells and digesting them in vacuoles
Reproduce asexually by either binary or multiple fission
Archaea
Three kinds
Methanogens: obligate anaerobes that produce methane
Halobacteria: which can live only in concentrated brine solution
Thermoacidiphiless: which can only live in acidic hot springs
Viruses
Are not classified as living things
They affect other living things by disrupting cell activity
Are obligate parasites because they rely on the host for their own reproduction
Two types of viral reproductive cycles
• Lytic cycle: the virus enter the host cell and makes copies of its nucleic acids and protein coats using the raw materials of the host cell and reassembling them into copies of itself
• Lysogenic cycle: the virus may remain dormant within the cell until some factor activates it and stimulates it to reproduce and break out of the cell
Cellular reproduction [Show Less]