Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach
10th Edition Test Bank
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Multiple Choice
1. Criminal
... [Show More] behavior is best defined as:
a) antisocial behavior.
b) deviant behavior behavior.
c) an intentional act in violation of a criminal code.
d) behavior that impedes the criminal process.
e) forbidden behavior. Answer: c
2. Psychological criminology focuses on how individual criminal behavior is:
a) acquired.
b) evoked.
c) maintained.
d) a and c only.
e) all of the above.
Answer: e
3. The narrow range of offenses that do not require criminal intent are called:
a) non-index crimes.
b) unintentional offenses.
c) Part II crimes.
d) status offenses.
e) strict liability offenses. Answer: a
4. Which of the following is least consistent with the developmental approach in the study of crime?
a) Searching for factors that place a child at risk of engaging in serious delinquency
b) Identifying the age of onset of antisocial behavior
c) Searching for protective factors in a child’s life
d) Obtaining a child’s IQ score as he or she enters adolescence
e) Examining a child’s pre-school experiences. Answer: d
5. According to the author, our inability to prevent crime is largely due to:
a) a declining interest in the field of criminology.
b) the difficulty in defining the term “crime”.
c) the complexity of the issue.
d) the paucity of experts studying crime.
e) the lack of funding available for research. Answer: c
6. The belief that most people deserve the misfortune that happens to them is known as the:
a) fairness doctrine.
b) equal justice doctrine.
c) rationalizing attitudes.
d) just-world hypothesis.
e) self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: d
7. Which one of the following would psychological criminology be most concerned with?
a) Demographic features of offenders who participate in burglary.
b) How violent individuals learn their aggressive behavior.
c) The gender of murder victims.
d) The time of day when burglary most often occurs.
e) The unequal power distribution between various members of society. Answer: b
8. 3. Serious criminal offenders often present with cognitions.
a) contracted
b) distorted
c) dominant
d) erotic
e) subversive Answer: b
9. is to positivist theory as is to classical theory.
a) Determinism; free will
b) Jurisprudence; behavior
c) Cognition; biology
d) Biology; environment
e) Predictability; prevention Answer: a
10. The perspective on crime is closely linked with the humanistic perspective.
a) conformity
b) strain
c) social learning
d) social control
e) nonconformist Answer: a
11. The basic premise of strain theory is that crime occurs when:
a) there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished in our society and the availability of legitimate means for reaching these goals.
b) a society’s values are too materialistic.
c) there is not enough value placed on doing the “right thing.”
d) the economically and socially disadvantaged give up on the American dream.
e) one’s level of stress far outweighs one’s coping mechanisms. Answer: a
12. Social control theory is an example of:
a) the conformity perspective.
b) the confirmation perspective.
c) Merton’s strain perspective.
d) the nonconformist perspective.
e) the learning perspective. Answer: d
13. Which one of the following would not be a primary concern of sociological criminology?
a) Personality characteristics of rapists
b) Age characteristics of murderers
c) Gender of victims of aggravated assault
d) Relationship of victim to offender
e) The victim characteristics of hate crimes. Answer: a
14. The psychodynamic approach explains behavior in terms of:
a) motives and drives.
b) personality traits.
c) free will.
d) logic.
e) heredity and family history. Answer: a
15. Social control theorists contend that crime occurs when:
a) an individual’s ties to the conventional order are weak.
b) an individual’s ties to normative standards are nonexistent.
c) an individual behaves indiscriminately.
d) both a and b.
e) all of the above. Answer: d
16. Which of the following offenses is not considered a violent crime, according to the UCR?
a) forcible rape
b) arson
c) nonnegligent manslaughter
d) robbery
e) aggravated assault Answer: b
17. Three disciplines that have traditionally dominated the study of crime are:
a) sociology, psychology and psychiatry.
b) psychology, sociology and anthropology.
c) psychology, anthropology and economics.
d) psychology, anthropology and medicine.
e) medicine, psychology and criminal justice. Answer: a
18. Sigmund Freud is most associated with which one of the following fields?
a) Traditional psychiatric criminology
b) Sociological criminology
c) Psychological criminology
d) Contemporary psychiatric criminology
e) Molecular criminology Answer: a
19. Psychological criminology recently shifted its focus to a more and approach to the study of criminal behavior.
a) forensic; scientific
b) trait-focused; instrumental
c) personality; biological
d) cognitive; developmental
e) sociological; psychiatric Answer: d
20. The difference-in-kind perspective argues that humans are distinctly different from animals in which of the following ways?
a) Spiritually
b) Mentally
c) Psychologically
d) a and c
e) All of the above
Answer: e
21. Illegal behavior that only juveniles can commit such as incorrigibility, running away, and truancy are called:
a) offenses against the public order.
b) Part I crimes.
c) status offenses.
d) age-related crimes.
e) juvenile violations. Answer: c
22. Official crime statistics, such as those produced by the FBI:
a) normally overestimate the true incidence of crime.
b) have been found to be highly accurate.
c) report approximately the same amount of crime as victimization surveys.
d) normally underestimate the true incidence of crime.
e) overestimate the number of sexual offenses. Answer: d
23. Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS:
a) provides information on international crime.
b) is older.
c) provides more detailed information about a criminal event.
d) includes conviction data as well as arrest data.
e) is more reliable. Answer: c
24. Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault are all examples of what kind of crime, according to the FBI?
a) Victimization crimes
b) Part I crimes
c) Part II crimes
d) Masculine crimes
e) Heinous crimes Answer: b
25. Which piece of data is not found in the Uniform Crime Reports?
a) Crime rates
b) Arrests for Part II crimes
c) Clearance rates
d) Conviction rates
e) Homicide rates Answer: d
26. Self-report studies of criminal behavior:
a) usually have been found to be more accurate with female subjects.
b) are typically inaccurate in most areas studied.
c) usually attempt to measure only prior involvement in felonies.
d) suggest that crime is committed by all socioeconomic classes.
e) are Answer: d
27. The Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed in: a) 1975
b) 1983
c) 1990
d) 2001
e) 2007
Answer: c
28. Which of the following is not a method of measuring crime?
a) UCR
b) self-report studies
c) PCL-R
d) National Victimization Studies
e) Supplementary homicide report Answer: c
29. When one person is arrested for a crime, charged with the offense and remanded to the court for prosecution, the offense is considered to be:
a) stipulated as detected.
b) cleared by arrest.
c) adjudicated.
d) mandated in hierarchy.
e) remanded by exceptional means. Answer: b
30. ADAM, Monitoring the Future, and NHSDA are all examples of surveys that collect data on:
a) drug use.
b) hate crime.
c) sex offending.
d) status offenses.
e) juvenile violent crime. Answer: a
True or False
1. This text is based on the premise that there is an all-encompassing psychological explanation for crime.
Answer: False
2. Free will is the hallmark of classical theory. Answer: True
3. Forcible rape is a redundant term. Answer: True
4. Criminology is the psychological study of crime. Answer: False
5. The most cited source of U.S. crime statistics is the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Answer: True
6. The great majority of crime in the United States and other countries is neither serious nor violent.
Answer: True
7. In general, individuals sentenced to prison accurately represent the “true” criminal population. Answer: False
8. Most antisocial behaviors go undetected by law enforcement. Answer: True
9. According to crime experts, the dark figure represents the most violent crimes. Answer: False
10. The text primarily focuses on mentally disordered offenders. Answer: False
Short Answer and Essay
1. Define the term hate crime. Describe one well-known case involving hate crime victimization
2. How does Robert Merton’s Strain Theory explain crimes of the rich and powerful?
3. Explain the difference between psychological criminology and sociological criminology.
4. What is the hierarchy rule and how does it impact how crime is reported in the UCR?
5. List the strengths and weaknesses of self-report surveys.
6. Briefly explain the developmental approach to explaining delinquency and criminal behavior.
7. List four status offenses mentioned in the chapter. Discuss the controversy over criminalizing these offenses.
8. Compare and contrast the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey, focusing on: a) how the data are obtained and b) what type of information is available from each.
9. Discuss the differences in education, training and perspective between psychologists and psychiatrists. What are their similarities?
10. Describe the three perspectives of human nature found in theories of crime.
Review Questions and Answers
CHAPTER 2
ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS
Multiple Choice
1. The developmental perspective on crime and antisocial behavior views the life course of all humans as following a:
a) series of distinct age-related stages of development.
b) developmental pathway littered with risk factors.
c) vertical line dependent upon physiological milestones.
d) sequence of stages that enhance empathy.
e) hierarchy of moral development. Answer: b
2. Those influences in a person’s life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called:
a) self-regulatory factors.
b) criminogenic needs.
c) criminogenic determinants.
d) impulsive drives.
e) risk factors. Answer: e
3. Poverty is an example of a(n) risk factor
a) social
b) familial
c) economic
d) psychological
e) self-fulfilling Answer: a
4. According to Goldstein et al. (2001), aggressive tendencies at age predict later aggressive behavior.
a) three
b) twelve
c) eighteen months
d) eighteen
e) seven Answer: a
5. The diagnostic term which represents a cluster of behaviors in children characterized by repetitive and persistent misbehavior is called:
a) conduct disorder.
b) ADHD.
c) antisocial personality disorder.
d) psychopathy.
e) aggression.
Answer: a
6. Strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals are called parental ; whereas parental attitude toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship refers to parental .
a) styles; practices
b) intervention; customs
c) hopes; care
d) tactics; disciplinary beliefs
e) practices; styles Answer: e
7. When parents see an unusually large number of minor problems in their children as problematic, and then resort to authoritarian strategies to deal with the problems, it is called the:
a) authoritarian approach.
b) authoritative style.
c) enmeshed style.
d) permissive practice approach.
e) neglecting approach. Answer: c
8. Parental refers to parents’ awareness of their child’s peer associations, free time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home.
a) participation
b) mindfulness
c) neurosis
d) monitoring
e) obsession Answer: d
9. The ability to control one’s own behavior, especially in children, is called by professionals.
a) self-modeling
b) self-regulation
c) impulse modulation
d) impulse restriction
e) sustainable functioning Answer: b
10. Poor quality preschool daycare places children at risk for:
a) poor language skills.
b) inadequate social skills.
c) poor cognitive development.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above. Answer: d
11. When examining the relationship between single-parent homes and delinquency, it is important to consider:
a) socioeconomic status.
b) the past criminal behavior of the primary caregiver.
c) family size.
d) the number of employed adults in the home.
e) process rather than structure. Answer: e
12. Snyder and Patterson’s (1987) enmeshed parenting style is similar to Baumrind’s:
a) laissez –faire style.
b) lax style.
c) authoritarian style.
d) neglecting style.
e) authoritative style. Answer: c
13. Research has shown that children who are both physically aggressive and have a high probability of becoming serious delinquents.
a) living in poverty
b) emotionally aggressive
c) socially rejected by peers
d) struggling in school
e) living in a single parent home Answer: c
14. Several studies suggest that parental monitoring is especially important between the ages of:
a) nine to sixteen.
b) six weeks to five.
c) five to eighteen.
d) twelve to seventeen.
e) thirteen to sixteen. Answer: a
15. Research on sibling influence on delinquency indicates:
a) the risk of delinquency is lower when the delinquent sibling is closer in age
b) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior regardless of the relationship between the siblings.
c) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior only when the siblings have a close relationship.
d) the delinquent sibling reinforces antisocial behavior when siblings are of the same gender.
e) a and c. Answer: c
16. Rudy rarely cries when his mother leaves the room and shows no reaction when his mother picks him up. Rudy is displaying signs of attachment.
a) avoidant
b) secure
c) ambivalent
d) enmeshed
e) unemotional Answer: a
17. Which statement is not true about language impairment and antisocial behavior?
a) It teaches children to think outside the box and problem-solve in socially appropriate ways.
b) It increases frustration levels in children who have difficulty expressing themselves.
c) It can lead to peer rejection and poor academic performance.
d) It can be a strong predictor of adult later criminal behavior.
e) It is evident in the background of a high percentage of children diagnosed with conduct disorders.
Answer: b
18. According to Virginia Douglas (2004), the core problem in ADHD children involves:
a) executive function skills.
b) not knowing.
c) self-regulation.
d) overprescribed stimulant drugs.
e) a and c. Answer: e
19. Which of the following is not a feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
a) Easily distracted
b) Fidgety
c) Impulsiveness
d) Poor self-regulation
e) Poor language development Answer: e
20. Conduct disorder is characterized by the and pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others.
a) cruel; unusual
b) aggressive; repetitive
c) persistent; aggressive
d) repetitive; persistent
e) antisocial; aggressive Answer: d
21. Hodgins, Cree and Mark (2008) found that conduct disorder present prior to age 15 is:
a) effectively treated with medication.
b) strongly associated with violent behavior into middle age.
c) strongly associated with crime in females.
d) effectively treated with psychotherapy.
e) related to quality of the marital relationship in the home. Answer: b
22. One of the strongest predictors of later antisocial behavior is:
a) peer rejection.
b) lack of interests or hobbies.
c) dysfunctional family dynamics.
d) overexposure to nature and the outdoors.
e) excessive television viewing. Answer: a
23. According to attachment theory, infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying:
a) avoidance attachment.
b) normal attachment.
c) clinging reaction.
d) anxious/ambivalent attachment.
e) minimal exploration response. Answer: d
24. A mother who feels helpless that her 12-year-old son is using marijuana and therefore allows the behavior to continue is exhibiting:
a) intermittent punishment.
b) an authoritative parenting style.
c) internal locust of control.
d) persuasive denial.
e) a lax style of parenting. Answer: e
25. Low parental monitoring is associated with:
a) higher levels of antisocial behavior.
b) higher levels of violence.
c) earlier initiation of drug abuse.
d) earlier initiation of alcohol abuse.
e) all of the above. Answer: e
26. ADHD frequently co-occurs with which diagnostic category?
a) Mental disorder
b) Conduct disorder
c) Status offenses
d) Psychopathy
e) Substance abuse Answer: b
27. The ability to understand another’s emotions is called:
a) cognitive empathy.
b) learned helplessness
c) affective empathy.
d) personal efficacy.
e) emotional sympathy. Answer: a
28. is a disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of angry outbursts, arguments, vindictiveness, resentment, and disobedience.
a) Oppositional defiant disorder
b) Cognitive dissonance
c) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
d) Conduct disorder
e) Child psychopathy Answer: a
29. Which one of the following statements is correct?
a) The exact nature of the relationship between poverty and violence is not well understood.
b) It is quite clear that poverty is the major cause of crime and delinquency.
c) Poverty does not appear to be a risk factor in the development of crime.
d) The current research suggests that there is no relationship between poverty and crime.
e) Poverty, in combination with low IQ score, puts one at significant risk for ADHD. Answer: a
30. Of the following, which is associated with a high probability of delinquent behavior in high school?
a) Parental divorce.
b) Lower socioeconomic class.
c) Rejection by peers in elementary school.
d) Below average intelligence.
e) Lack of involvement in team sports. Answer: c
True or False
1. IQ refers to a broad, all-encompassing ability. Answer: False
2. The cause of ADHD is unknown. Answer: True
3. All criminal behavior has its origins in childhood. Answer: False
4. It is rare for an individual to possess both affective and cognitive empathy. Answer: False
5. Children from lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be represented in crime statistics as opposed to those from higher socioeconomic status.
Answer: True
6. Research on IQ and delinquency has not supported the relationship between the two. Answer: False
7. ADHD is currently the leading psychological diagnosis for American children. Answer: True
8. Parental alcoholism and depression elevates a child’s risk of engaging in antisocial behavior. Answer: True
9. Affective empathy usually develops in middle adulthood. Answer: False
10. Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior. Answer: True
Short Answer and Essay
1. According to Coie (2004), what are the three important differences between rejected and non- rejected boys?
2. Explain conduct disorder, ADHD and learning disability. What are the similarities and differences? Why are the three often used interchangeably in the school system?
3. Why must we be cautious when interpreting the relationship between delinquency and learning disabilities?
4. Discuss the relationship between poverty and violence.
5. Differentiate between crime that begins in childhood and crime that begins in adulthood.
6. Describe at least five characteristics of a peer rejected child. Include reasons why this child may be rejected.
7. How can day care centers and after school programs make a positive difference in the delinquency trajectory?
8. Explain and provide examples of the four types of parenting styles. Explain the shortcomings of this model.
9. Discuss the three perspectives on the influence of peer groups on delinquent behavior.
10. How and why is language development relevant to the study of antisocial behavior?
CHAPTER 3
ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Multiple Choice
1. Most children display aggression in preschool and kindergarten but reduce these behaviors during early school years primarily due to:
a) socialization.
b) strict parental discipline.
c) developmental maturity.
d) fear.
e) psychological maturity. Answer: a
2. Early onset persistent antisocial behavior seems influenced by while late onset offending is influenced by factors.
a) biological; social
b) social; biological
c) parental; educational
d) parental; socioeconomic
e) protective; resiliency Answer: a
3. Most contemporary biopsychologists believe:
a) genetic and neuropsychological variables play a part in criminal behavior.
b) genetic components are the sole causal agents of human behavior.
c) understanding the social environment is irrelevant in studying criminal behavior.
d) criminal behavior is an evolutionary throwback to an earlier stage in the evolution of man.
e) antisocial behavior is explained by somatyping. Answer: a
4. According to noted biopsychologist Adrian Raine:
a) the majority of studies examining the relationship between antisocial behavior are fatally flawed.
b) there is no evidence to suggest that genetics influence antisocial behavior.
c) some children are born destined to become antisocial.
d) there is evidence to suggest that antisocial behavior may eventually affect one’s genetic make-up.
e) there is clear evidence that genetics influence antisocial and aggressive behavior. Answer: e
5. The term dizygotic twins is synonymous with:
a) fraternal twins.
b) identical twins.
c) dichorionic.
d) unifertilization.
e) none of the above. Answer: a
6. Sarah and Rebecca developed from a single egg, share the same genes, and currently live at 517 Huckleberry Lane, and attend the same school. They are examples of:
a) monozygotic, monochorionic, identical twins who share an environment.
b) monozygotic, dichorionic, nonshared twins.
c) identical, dichorionic, shared siblings.
d) unichorionic, unizygotic, concordant, monoenvironmental siblings.
e) monochorionic, identical , concordant twins who shared a membrane. Answer: a
7. Concordance rate is usually expressed in:
a) degrees.
b) ectograms.
c) pairs.
d) percentages.
e) liters. Answer: d
8. Which statement most accurately summarizes findings on twin and adoption studies?
a) One’s environment significantly impacts the frequency and severity of criminal behavior.
b) Genetic factors have little impact on antisocial behavior.
c) The environment in which a child is raised has little impact on the likelihood of antisocial behavior.
d) Genes may influence one’s susceptibility or resistance to environmental risk factors.
e) Genes do not significantly impact one’s susceptibility to environmental risk factors. Answer: d
9. The MAOA-L gene has been nicknamed the:
a) warrior gene.
b) apocalyptic predictor.
c) mood enhancer.
d) zen master.
e) terminator gene. Answer: a
10. Which of the following is not a source of behavioral differences, according to traditional behavioral genetics?
a) Environmental influences shared by siblings
b) Gender of each child
c) Influences that arise from unshared environmental experiences that makes siblings different from one another
d) Influences attributed to genetic effects
e) Family influences Answer: a
10. Dysfunction in the has been strongly linked to violent behavior.
a) frontal lobe
b) temporal lobe
c) occipital lobe
d) parietal lobe
e) pituitary lobe Answer: a
11. Which statement is not true of the amygdala?
a) It is small and almond shaped.
b) It is located in the limbic system.
c) It is especially hardy and unaffected by developmental experiences.
d) It is associated with impulsive aggression.
e) It is a group of nerve cells. Answer: c
12. In their study involving 4,000 Danish babies ages birth to 34, Raine, Brennan and Mednick (1997) found that:
a) birth complications combined with early maternal rejection predicted careers of violent crime.
b) there was no correlation between birth complications and antisocial behavior.
c) early maternal rejection predicted non-violent crime.
d) birth complications predicted drug use.
e) marital discord predicted non-violent crime. Answer: a
13. The small group of nerve cells in the brain involved in aggressive behavior is called the
and is part of the system.
a) amygdala; limbic
b) frontal lobe; central nervous
c) hippocampus; limbic
d) atempora; activating
e) lafleur; peripheral nervous Answer: a
14. The phenomenon in which the brain’s structure and function are affected by experience is called:
a) intelligence quotient.
b) elasticity.
c) durability.
d) plasticity.
e) neural synapse Answer: d
15. Most contemporary researchers of temperament focus on:
a) school-aged children.
b) incarcerated males.
c) families with two or more children.
d) infants.
e) pre-school girls. Answer: d
16. All of the following processes are considered executive functions except:
a) Logic
b) Reasoning
c) Fidgeting
d) Problem solving
e) Self-control Answer: c
17. Two strong indicators of temperament are:
a) language and eating patterns.
b) eye contact and intelligence.
c) extraversion and introversion.
d) eye color and peer support.
e) emotionality and activity. Answer: e
18. Research has suggested that which brain chemical may play a significant role in aggression and violence?
a) Serotonin
b) Epinephrine
c) Dopamine
d) Insulin
e) Cortisol Answer: a
19. The research on environmental risk factors during infancy indicates that:
a) lead exposure may be linked to antisocial behavior.
b) trans fats are closely associated with delinquent behavior.
c) junk foods often lead to persistent and violent criminal behavior.
d) an organic diet can greatly reduce likelihood of antisocial behavior.
e) high sugar intake before age two is linked to criminal behavior. Answer: a
20. Which one of the following behaviors is an example of adolescent risk taking behavior?
a) Binge drinking
b) Participation in school athletics
c) Obtaining a driver’s license
d) Video gaming
e) Walking to school Answer: a
21. According to Laurence Steinberg (2008, 2010), high risk taking during adolescence is explained by the interaction of the socioemotional and cognitive control systems. This theory is called:
a) Dual systems model
b) Executive function theory
c) Limbic theory
d) Introversion/Extroversion theory
e) Positivist model Answer: a
22. The ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal standards is called:
a) non-risky behavior.
b) scrutinization.
c) self-regulation.
d) frontal-lobe control.
e) undoing.
Answer: c
23. TEDS is an acronym for:
a) Twins’ Early Development Study
b) Twins Environmental Differentiation Study
c) Traditional Environmental Development on Siblings
d) The Early Diyzygotic Sample
e) Twins Environmental Determination Study Answer: a
24. Which personality feature, commonly associated with antisocial behavior, shows high hereditability and little environmental influence?
a) Optimism
b) Empathy
c) Schizophrenic detachment
d) Temperament
e) Callous-unemotional traits Answer: e
25. According to Adrian Raine, how many genes are associated with antisocial behavior in humans?
a) One
b) Four
c) Seven
d) At least twenty
e) Over one hundred Answer: c
True or False
1. As a group, biopsychologists believe that genetics are the sole cause of criminal behavior. Answer: False
2. The amygdala is located in the frontal lobe of the human brain. Answer: True
3. Recent research has found that brain stimulation after age five has little impact on growth and development.
Answer: False
4. Temperament appears in infancy and continues throughout life. Answer: True
5. Adolescents are most vulnerable to risky behavior when they are with a group of their peers. Answer: True
6. Temperament is determined largely by genetics. Answer: True
7. Neurological dysfunction due to faulty brain development is strongly linked to pathological violence.
Answer: True
8. Lead exposure and maternal malnutrition are examples of environmental hazards. Answer: True
9. Most adolescent risk taking behaviors tend to continue throughout adulthood. Answer: False
10. Research on twin studies has shown that, as twins age, the influence of a shared environment increases while the influence of a nonshared environment wanes.
Answer: False
Short Answer and Essay
1. Describe TEDS. Summarize what this research tells us about human behavior.
2. Compare and contrast behavior and molecular genetics.
3. Define the terms dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Define a chorion and discuss how this term relates to twin studies and the study of criminal behavior.
3. Who was Phineas Gage? How is he relevant to the study of criminal behavior?
5. List and describe Thomas and Chess’ temperaments.
6. What does the research tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and aggressive behavior? What treatments may be the most effective and what caution should one consider when considering this treatment?
7. What were some concerns with the high concordance rate found among monozygotic twins? Explain how at least one of these concerns can be addressed today.
8. Discuss the relationship between birth/pregnancy complications, psychosocial environment and antisocial behavior. What effect does one’s psychosocial environment have on neurological deficits?
CHAPTER 4
ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: LEARNING AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS
Multiple Choice
1. Operant and social learning originated from a school of psychological thought called:
a) psychoanalysis.
b) socioperant conditioning.
c) social learning.
d) behaviorism.
e) determinism. Answer: d
2. An essential difference between the behavior theory of Watson and Skinner is:
a) Watson recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Skinner did not.
b) Skinner recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Watson did not.
c) Skinner believed that the primary goal of psychology is the control of behavior, whereas Watson did not.
d) Watson believed that the goal of psychology is the prediction of behavior, whereas Watson did not.
e) Skinner emphasized the importance of independent and dependent variables, whereas Watson did not.
Answer: b
3. Learning the consequences of one’s behavior is the basis of learning.
a) instrumental
b) classical.
c) interpretive
d) Pavlovian
e) Skinnerian
4. Which individual is an example of a well-known social learning theorist?
a) B. F. Skinner
b) Hans Eysenck
c) Howard Cloward
d) Julian Rotter
e) John Watson Answer: d
5. The process whereby people lose their identities and feel less responsible in a crowd is called:
a) deindividuation.
b) mob-angry reaction.
c) reciprocal interaction.
d) crowd masking.
e) mob effect. Answer: a
6. Milgram, in his studies, found that of people are willing to shock a victim with high levels of electric shock primarily on the basis of request from an experimenter.
a) a majority (or about two-thirds)
b) a small portion (less than 10%)
c) about 25 percent
d) about half
e) none of the above Answer: a
7. According to Berkowitz, in order for frustration to occur, the person must have:
a) some hope for goal attainment.
b) a specific frustration gene.
c) lived under dire poverty conditions.
d) a history of extensive failure.
e) an idea where to direct his or her aggression. Answer: a
8. One of the problems with classical conditioning explanations of criminal behavior is that they:
a) have not been empirically supported.
b) do not account for situational factors.
c) presume the person has no self-determination.
d) do not consider biological factors.
e) assume the individual is innately aggressive. Answer: c
9. Which term refers to the idea that all complex behavior can be broken down into simple stimulus-response behavior?
a) Nature-nurture interface
b) Deindividuation
c) Mutual interaction
d) Extinction
e) Reductionism Answer: e
10. Which behavioral scientist maintains that human behavior, including criminal behavior, is acquired primarily through observational learning or modeling?
a) Julian Rotter
b) Albert Bandura
c) Ronald Akers
d) John Watson
e) Erik Erikson
Answer: b
11. According to Akers’ differential association reinforcement theory, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of:
a) frustration.
b) heightened expectancies that are innate in the individual.
c) social reinforcements given by significant others.
d) classical conditioning.
e) modeling.
Answer: c
12. Akers’ differential association reinforcement theory is based largely on the criminological theory of:
a) Edwin Sutherland.
b) Albert Bandura.
c) Albert Cohen.
d) Walter Miller.
e) B.F. Skinner. Answer: a
13. According to Julian Rotter, whether a particular pattern of behavior will occur depends on:
a) operant conditioning.
b) classical conditioning.
c) our ability to control biological drives.
d) biological programming.
e) our expectancies and how much we value the outcome. Answer: e
14. The common human tendency to discount the influence of a situation and explain behavior by referring to the personality of an actor is called:
a) reductionism.
b) type I error.
c) ecological error.
d) fundamental attribution error.
e) type II error. Answer: d
15. Milgram’s famous studies on obedience to authority indicate that:
a) people pay little attention to authority figures once they become adults.
b) in general, Americans are not obedient or conforming.
c) most people are obedient to authority even if it causes pain to others.
d) children are less obedient to authority than adults.
e) adults are more obedient to authority than children. Answer: c [Show Less]