CPCE Practice Questions 494 Questions with Verified Answers 2023
Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are...
A)
... [Show More] Psychometric
B) Psychodiagnostic
C) Psychopharmacological
D) Psychosocial - CORRECT ANSWER D) Psychosocial
In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists...
A) Emphasize the id processes
B) Refute the concept of the superego
C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
D) Are sometimes known as radical behaviorists - CORRECT ANSWER C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was...
A) Erik Erikson
B) Milton H. Erickson
C) A.A. Brill
D) Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory - CORRECT ANSWER A) Erik Erikson
Has 8 stages representing a psychosocial crisis/turning point. Final stage does not begin until age 60
The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of...
A) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory
C) Jay Haley
D) Arnold Lazarus, William Perry and Robert Kegan - CORRECT ANSWER B) Sigmund Freud
(In Freudian theory, the id=the pleasure principle. Erikson emphasizes the power of control. Haley is known for strategic and problem-solving therapy. Lazaras is pioneer in behavior therapy.
Robert Perry - CORRECT ANSWER -Known for ideas related to adult cognitive development
-Stresses dualistic thinking (conceptualize things as good or bad and right or wrong)
-Enter adulthood and move into relativistic thinking (ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong)
Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is....
A) formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor
B) Formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor
C) Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
D) Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations - CORRECT ANSWER C) Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Ideographics - CORRECT ANSWER Examine individuals (not groups) in depth
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as...
A) he utilized the t test too requently
B) He failed to check for Type 1 or alpha errors
C) He worked primarily with minority children
D) His findings were often derived from observing his own children - CORRECT ANSWER D) His findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered...
A) Symbolic schema
B) Conservation
C) Androgynous psychosocial issues
D) Trust vs. mistrust - CORRECT ANSWER B) Conservation
(The notion that a substance's weight, mass and volume remain the same event if it changes shape. Child masters conservation at concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to...
A) Volume or mass
B) Defenses of the ego
C) The sensorimotor intelligence stage
D) A specific psychosexual stage of life - CORRECT ANSWER A) Volume or mass
A child masters conservation in the Piatetian stage known as..
A) Formal operations (12+)
B) Concrete operations (7-11)
C) Preoperations (2-7)
D) Sensorimotor (birth-2) - CORRECT ANSWER B) Concrete operations (7-11)
(Conservation and Concrete both begin with "c")
________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development...
A) Erik Erikson
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) John B. Watson - CORRECT ANSWER C) Kohlberg
(Vygotsky said stages unfold due to educational intervention) (Kohlberg's theory of moral development)
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests...
A) The heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift
B) The child is ambidextrous
C) The child is more cognizant of mass than weight
D) One can undo an action, hence an object (glass of water) can return to its initial shape) - CORRECT ANSWER D) One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year old in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of...
A) Egocentrism
B) Conservation
C) Centration
D) Abstract thought - CORRECT ANSWER A) Egocentrism
(Child can't view the world from the vantage point of someone else)
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested...
A) A single level of morality
B) Two levels of morality
C) Three levels of morality
D) Preoperational thought as the basis for all morality - CORRECT ANSWER C) Three levels of morality
(Preconventional, conventional and postconventional)
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohberg's theory as
A) a brick is to a house
B) Freud is to Jung
C) The menninger Clinic is to biofeedback
D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered - CORRECT ANSWER D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
(Heinz dilemma used to assess moral development)
The term 'identity crisis' comes from the work of...
A) Counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients
B) Erikson
C) Adler
D) Jung - CORRECT ANSWER B) Erikson
(RS=religious and spiritual)
(Erikson's stages were defined by crisis)
Kohlber's three levels of morality are...
A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
B) Formal, preformal, self-accepted
C) self-accepted, other directed, authority directed
D) Preconventional, formal, authority directed - CORRECT ANSWER A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
(Preconventional:child responds to consequences, conventional: individual wants to meet standards. Postconventional: concerned with universal, ethical principles)
Trust vs. mistrust is...
A) An Adlerian notion of morality
B) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
C) essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism
D)The basis of morality according to Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER B) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage...
A) Generativity vs. Stagnation
B) Initiative vs. Guilt
C) Identity crisis
D) integrity vs. Despair - CORRECT ANSWER D) Integrity vs. Despair
In Kohlber's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by...
A) psychosexual urges
B) Consequences
C) periodic fugue states
D) Counterconditioning - CORRECT ANSWER B) Consequences
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by...
A) Psychosexual urges
B) A desire to live up to society's expectations
C) A desire to confrom
D) B and C - CORRECT ANSWER D) B and C
Kohlber's highest level of morality is termed "postconventional morality'. Here the individual...
A) must truly contend with psychosexual urges
B) has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation
C) has self-imposed morals and ethics
D) a and b - CORRECT ANSWER C) has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles...
A) Refers to the naive hedonism stage
B) Operates on the premise that rewards guide morals
C) a and b
D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level - CORRECT ANSWER D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level
(Hedonism occurs in preconventional level "If I'm nice others will be nice to me and I'll get what I want")
Zone of proximal development...
A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
B) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
C) Emphasized organ inferiority
D) a.b and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
(Zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs that which he/she is capable of with an instructor)
Freud and Erikson...
A) could be classified as behaviorists
B) could be classified as maturationists
C) agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual
D) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement - CORRECT ANSWER B) could be classified as maturationists (behavior is guided by hereditary factors by certain behaviors will not manifest until stimuli are present in environment)
DBT - CORRECT ANSWER -Focuses on mindfulness
-Created by Marsha M. Linehan
-Useful for clients haboring feelings of self-harm, suicide and substance abuse
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist is mostly associated with...
A) the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist
B) developmental stage theories
C) bonding and attachment
D) the unconscious mind - CORRECT ANSWER C) bonding and attachment
(Bowlby and bonding both start with 'b')
Arnold Gesell - CORRECT ANSWER Pioneer for using one-way mirror for observing children
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Integrity vs. despair
C) a and b
D) Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues - CORRECT ANSWER A) Generativity vs. stagnation
(Need to face the fact that they have not yet achieved their goals)
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in the rhesus monkey is...
A) Harry Harlow
B) John Bowlby
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER A) Harry Harlow
(Monkeys were placed in isolation and developed autistic abnormal behavior) Believed that attachment was innate
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is...
A) False
B) True due to genetics
C) True only in middle-aged men
D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin - CORRECT ANSWER D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is...
A) actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) Intimacy vs isolation
D) a critical factor in which Erikson fails to mention - CORRECT ANSWER C) Intimacy vs. isolation
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his/her peers?
A) a 19-year-old male college student
B) a 23-year old male drummer in a rock band
C) a 57-year old female stockbroker
D) a 13-year old male middle school student - CORRECT ANSWER D) a 13-year old male middle school student
(conformity peeks in early teens)
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys...
A) a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version
B) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate
C) female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
D) male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER B) a baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
(contact comfort is important to infant's attachment)
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
A) id, ego and superego
B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
C) eros, thanatos, regression and superego
D) manifest, latent, oral and phallic - CORRECT ANSWER B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
In adolescence..
A) females commit suicide more than males
B) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare
C) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious
D) Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often - CORRECT ANSWER D) males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
In the general U.S. population...
A) the suicide rate is 2/100,000
B) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts
C) suicide rates tend to increase with age
D) Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age - CORRECT ANSWER C) suicide rates tend to increase with age
The fear of death...
A) is greatest during middle age
B) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon
C) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years
D) occurs in the teen years - CORRECT ANSWER A) is the greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor...
A) in the preconscious mind
B) in the mind of the child in latency
C) which evolves primarily during the oral age
D) a and b - CORRECT ANSWER C) Evolves primarily during the oral stage
(oral stage is the first psychosexual stage and attachment/bonding takes place early in life)
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general...
A) girls grow up to smile more
B) girls are using more feeling words by age 2
C) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is...
A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency - CORRECT ANSWER D) latency
(latent=hidden. Sexual interests are replaced by sports, learning and hobbies. Occurs between ages 6-12)
In terms of parenting young children
A) boys are punished more than girls
B) girls are punished more than boys
C) boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion
D) boys show more empathy towards others - CORRECT ANSWER A) boys are punished more than girls
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean...
A) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development
B) that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes
C) a and b
D) a theory proposed by B.F. Skinner's colleagues - CORRECT ANSWER A) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development
Stage theorists assume...
A) qualitative changes between stages occur
B) Differences surely exist but usually can't be measured
C) that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint
D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) qualitative changes occur between stages
Development...
A) begins at birth
B) begins during the first trimester of pregnancy
C) is a continuous process which begins at conception
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER C) is a continuous process which begins at conception
Development is cephalocaudal, which means...
A) foot to head
B) head to foot
C) limbs receive the highest level of nourishment
D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) head to foot
(head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal refers to bodily proportions between head and tail)
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and...
A) assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
B) assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes
C) assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage...
A) abstract thinking emerges
B) problems can be solved using deduction
C) a and b
D) the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b
(ages 11+)
Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.....
A) 6; 3
B) 6;6
C) 3;6
D) 3;3 - CORRECT ANSWER A) 6;3
A person who lives by his/her individual conscience and universal ethical principles
A) has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development
B) is in the preconventional level
C) is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) a and c
Freud's Oedipus complex
A) is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur
B) occurs during the phallic stage
C) a and b
D) is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from this theory - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as...
A) systematic desensitization
B) covert desensitization
C) in vivo desensitization
D) the Electra complex - CORRECT ANSWER D) the Electra complex
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:
A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
B) oral, anal, genital, phallic and latency
C) oral, phallic, latency, genital and anal
D) phallic, genital, latency and anal - CORRECT ANSWER A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing...
A) Piaget's concept of conservation
B) Erikson's trust vs mistrust paradigm
C) Piaget's formal operations
D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff - CORRECT ANSWER D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as...
A) Organismic theorists
B) statistical developmentalists
C) empiricists
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) empiricists
-Scientists can only learn from objective facts
-Empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience
An empiricist view of development would be...
A) psychometric
B) behavioristic
C) against the use of formal statistical testing
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) behavioristic
-the empiricist view is behavioristic
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers...
A) showed marked borderline personality traits
B) surprisingly enough became friendly
C) demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion
D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers - CORRECT ANSWER D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
-Harlow discovered that contact was even more important than food
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
A) Behaviorism
B) Organicism
C) Statistical developmentalism
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) organicism
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the...
A) Sensorimotor stage
B) formal operational stage
C) preoperational stage
D) acquisition of conservation - CORRECT ANSWER A) Sensorimotor stage
-Object permanence
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered...
A) object permanence
B) reflexive response
C) representational thought
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) object permanence
-(a kid who is 8 months will search for an object that is no longer in sight)
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the...
A) sensorimotor stage-birth 2 year
B) preoperational stage- 2-7 years
C) concrete operational stage -7-12 years
D) Formal operational stage- 12 + years - CORRECT ANSWER A) Sensorimotor stage
John Bowlby has asserted that...
A) attachment is not instinctual
B) attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle
C) a and b
D) conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood - CORRECT ANSWER D) conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathy can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
(remember, Bowlby and bonding both start with 'b')
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life...
A) still developed in a normal fashion
B) still related very well with animals reared normally
C) appeared to be autistic
D) were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns - CORRECT ANSWER C) appeared to be autistic
-people with autism often have trouble communicating with others and forming close social bonds
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he/she may ________ a given psychosexual stage
A) skip
B) become fixated at
C) ignore
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) become fixated at
-becomes stuck in a stage where he/she feels safe
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that...
A) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
B) watching violence tends to make children less aggressive
C) reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior
D) what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring - CORRECT ANSWER A) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
A counselor who utilizes the term 'instinctual' technically means...
A) behavior results from unconscious aggression
B) women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men
C) a and b
D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species - CORRECT ANSWER D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
-instincts are species-specific innate behaviors
The word 'ethology', which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to...
A) Piaget's famous case study methodology
B) the study of animals' behaviors in their natural environment
C) studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment
-used to try to explain behavior using Darwinian theory
-research utilizing animals
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of...
A) ecocentrism
B) centration
C) formal abstract reasoning
D) deductive processes - CORRECT ANSWER B) centration
-occurs in preoperational stage
-Inability to see world from anyone else's vantage point
Piaget felt...
A) that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ
B) strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in 'Schools Without Failure' should be made mandatory in all elementary settings
C) that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily
D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation - CORRECT ANSWER D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
Piaget's preoperational stage...
A) is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning
B) includes mastering conservation
C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
Sigmund Freud and Erikson agreed that...
A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
B) developmental stages are primarily psychosexual
C) developmental stages are primarily psychosocial
D) a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved - CORRECT ANSWER A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
The tendency for adult females in the U.S. to wear high heels is best explained by...
A) the principle of negative reinforcement
B) sex-role socialization
C) Lorenz's studies on imprinting
D) ethological data - CORRECT ANSWER B) sex-role socialization
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of...
A) Freud
B) Adler on birth order
C) Erikson
D) Bowlby - CORRECT ANSWER D) Bowlby
-felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, he/she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that...
A) in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls
B) in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys
C) in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is...
A) the primal scene
B) preconscious psychic processes
C) sibling rivalry
D) BASIC-ID - CORRECT ANSWER C) sibling rivalry
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to...
A) Jung's concepts of anima/us
B) Freud's wish fulfillment
C) Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7)
D) ego identity - CORRECT ANSWER C) Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7 years)
Elementary school counseling and guidance services...
A) have been popular since the early 1900s
B) became popular during WWII
C) are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s
D) none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that...
A) counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives
B) these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed
C) counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work
D) these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts - CORRECT ANSWER B) these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson...
A) Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage does not exist
B) 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises
C) an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes
D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c
Erikson's middle-age stage (age 35-60) is known as generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity refers to...
A) the ability to do creative work or raise a family
B) the opposite of stagnation
C) the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above
A person who can look back on his/her life with few regrets feels
A) the burden of senile psychosis
B) ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage
C) despair, which is in the sense that he/she has wasted life's precious opportunities
D) the burden of generalized anxiety disorder - CORRECT ANSWER B) ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ___________ is to Erikson
A) Integrity vs. Despair
B) Kohlberg
C) Trust vs. Mistrust
D) play therapy - CORRECT ANSWER C) trust vs. mistrust
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
A) A. Lazarus
B) H. Harlow
C) J. Wolpe
D) A. Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER B) J. Harlow
-Best known for his work with rhesus monkeys
-Surrogate mothers made from terry cloth and others made of wood and wire
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client A) has "learned helplessness" syndrome
B) Suffers from a phobia
C) Suffers from a fixation
D) is displaying the risky shift phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER C) Suffers from a fixation
True of False: Phobia is often distinguished from anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER True
-In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of the fear
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the:
A) superego
B) ego
C) id
D) eros - CORRECT ANSWER A) superego
Which theorists would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
A) Carl Rogers
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
D) Konrad Lorenz - CORRECT ANSWER D) Konrad Lorenz
-Claims that we are naturally aggressive like the wolf or baboon
_______________ is the father of guidance - CORRECT ANSWER Frank Parsons
The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with:
A) Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level
B) Kohlberg's conventional level
C) the work of Carl Jung
D) Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at age 8 - CORRECT ANSWER A) Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level
A critical period:
A) makes imprinting possible
B) emphasizes manifest dream content
C) signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all
D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) a and c
- a critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to developmental process (2-14 years)
Imprinting--rapid learning during a critical period of development--is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by:
A) Erik Erikson
B) Milton H. Erickson
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) Harry Harlow - CORRECT ANSWER C) Konrad Lorenz
Marital satisfaction
A) is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home
B) often decreases when parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home
C) correlates high with performance IQ
D) is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children - CORRECT ANSWER B) often decreases in parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates:
A) lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
B) that psychopathology rests within the id
C) that unconscious drives control self-actualization
D) that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes - CORRECT ANSWER A) lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow:
A) used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz
B) psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics
C) worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings
D) interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" - CORRECT ANSWER D) interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"
Piaget is:
A) a maturationist
B) a behaviorist
C) a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
D) cognitive-behavior - CORRECT ANSWER C) a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
-each stage is a way of making sense out of the world
______________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21:
A) Environmental
B) Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
C) Chemical dependency
D) Unconscious - CORRECT ANSWER B) Genetic
-other genetic conditions include: phenlyketonuria (PKU), Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD)
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called:
A) counterbalancing
B) equilibration
C) balance theory
D) ABA design - CORRECT ANSWER B) equilibration
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:
A) conduct therapy in the here and now
B) focus primarily on nonverbal behavior
C) believe group work is most effective
D) allow clients to work through early conflicts - CORRECT ANSWER D) allow clients to work through early conflicts
-psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as:
A) hysteria
B) pica
C) fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
D) dysfunctional repetition - CORRECT ANSWER C) fixed-action patterns (FAP) elicited by sign stimuli
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which:
A) the client is urges to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group
B) biofeedback training is highly recommended
C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
D) the activity of meaning making is discouraged - CORRECT ANSWER C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that:
A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
B) Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality
C) a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints
D) a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he/she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
Equilibration is:
A) a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes
B) performed via the id according to the Freudians
C) a synonym for the concrete operational thought
D) the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) - CORRECT ANSWER The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor ideally focus on:
A) Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
B) building accurate empathy of family members
C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs
D) the identified patient - CORRECT ANSWER C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs
The anal retentive personality is:
A) charitable
B) stingy
C) kind
D) thinks very little about money matters - CORRECT ANSWER B) stingy
-anal retentive character is said to be cheap
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be:
A) considered an oral character
B) considered an anal character
C) considered a genital character
D) fixated at the latency stage - CORRECT ANSWER A) considered an oral character
Stages of group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER initial stage, forming stage, transition/conflict/storming stage, working/action stage and termination/adjourning stage
Group leadership style: Autocratic or authoritarian - CORRECT ANSWER Advocates decision making for members
Group leadership style: Laissez faire - CORRECT ANSWER Leader has little involvement
Group leadership style: Democratic approach - CORRECT ANSWER allows input from members, including input into the decisions made
Group leadership style: Speculative leaders - CORRECT ANSWER rely on their personal power to move group in a desirable direction
Group leadership styles: confrontive leadership style - CORRECT ANSWER facilitator reveals the impact that their behavior has on themselves as well as the impact that other group members have on them
Types of groups: psychoeducational - CORRECT ANSWER provides group members with information relevant to their situation
Types of groups: counseling - CORRECT ANSWER focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development
Types of groups: group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change
Types of groups: T-groups - CORRECT ANSWER training groups: are often intended for business or personal motivation
Types of groups: structured groups - CORRECT ANSWER Centered around certain issues, such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview
Types of groups: self-help groups - CORRECT ANSWER not led by a professional
-AA models or 12-step groups
Trait-and-factor theory - CORRECT ANSWER Occupational decision making occurs when:
A person has an accurate understanding of their traits (aptitudes, interests, personal abilities)
Anne Roe - CORRECT ANSWER -Jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations
-divided career fields into 8 categories and 6 levels
Categories: arts/entertainment, general, technology, outdoor, science, business, organizations, and services industry
-Levels- requiring most to least experience and knowledge: professional & managerial, semi-professional, skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, unskilled worker
Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place:
A) in a group setting
B) with the entire family present
C) in a dyadic relationship
D) in behavior therapy clinics - CORRECT ANSWER C) in a dyadic relationship
-dyad: unit of two functioning as a pair
A group has:
A) a membership which can be defined
B) some degree of unity and interaction
C) a shared purpose
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above
True or False:
Meta-analysis research indicates that individual counseling still generally produces better results for depressed clients - CORRECT ANSWER True
The term 'group therapy' was coined in 1931 by:
A) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance)
B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama
C) E.G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint
D) Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy - CORRECT ANSWER B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama
-Moreno's Theatre of Spontaneity (improvisation and drama as healing forces)
The first mutual aid, self-help group is _________ - CORRECT ANSWER AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the 'modern era' of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are:
A) NASW and NBCC
B) AGSW and AAS
C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943
D) AACD and APA - CORRECT ANSWER C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943
Which theoriest's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) C.G. Jung
C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis
D) Marsha Linehan, who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally used to deal with suicidal behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis
-Jesse B. Davis pioneered school guidance and became America's first school guidance counselor
Primary groups are:
A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems
B) always follow a person-centered paradigm
C) generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy
D) always focused on the client's childhood - CORRECT ANSWER A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems
-secondary group problems are present but not severe
-tertiary group deals with more serious difficulties
A group is classified as secondary. That implies that:
A) it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems
B) a difficulty or disturbance is present
C) two therapists are utilized
D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) a difficulty or disturbance is present
Group norms:
A) exist only in encounter groups
B) exist only in career counseling groups
C) are not related to group cohesiveness
D) govern acceptable behavior and group rules - CORRECT ANSWER D) govern acceptable behavior and group norms
-Norms=expected behaviors
Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to:
A) Freud's lectures in this country
B) a shortage of competent career counselors
C) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII
D) pressure from nondirective therapists pushing encounter groups - CORRECT ANSWER C) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII
Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to:
A) analysis of the unconscious
B) analysis of the ego
C) the T-group paradigm
D) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur - CORRECT ANSWER D) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur
-group content refers to what the group is discussing
-group process refers to analyzing the communications, interactions and transactions
Group cohesiveness refers to:
A) forces which tend to bind group members together
B) an analysis of group content
C) a common coleadership style
D) a style of leadership - CORRECT ANSWER A) forces which tend to bind group members together
Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called interpersonal problem-solving group) in that:
A) group counseling would be of longer duration
B) group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration
C) group counseling requires more training
D) group therapy addresses a less-disturbed population of clients - CORRECT ANSWER B) group therapy, also dubbed as personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration
-psychoeducation group has replaced the term guidance group since guidance group is associated with negative practices such as excessive advice giving
Most experts would agree that overall:
A) structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques
B) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques
C) all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques
D) ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client - CORRECT ANSWER B) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques
-Yalom pointed out that structured exercises can create a situation where group stages are passed over
One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and:
A) individual issues are not properly examined
B) the group becomes too behavioristic
C) a and b
D) the group focuses too much on content - CORRECT ANSWER A) individual issues are not properly examined
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will:
A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion
B) be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion
C) often be aggressive or illegal
D) violate the group's confidentiality norms - CORRECT ANSWER A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion
-risky shift phenomenon (group decisions tend to be more risky)
T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for:
A) techniques
B) taxonomy
C) training
D) testing - CORRECT ANSWER C) training
A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are:
A) unstructured
B) psychodynamic or person-centered
C) focused heavily on existential concerns
D) behavioristic and highly structured - CORRECT ANSWER D) behavioristic and highly structured
-behavioral groups tend to be highly structured
Weight Watchers is a :
A) T-group, also called a training group
B) self-help or support group, as is AA
C) psychotherapy group
D) marathon group - CORRECT ANSWER B) self-help or support group, as is AA
-self help groups attempt to cope with a given issue
-support groups are conducted by organizations and might charge fees
-self help groups are typically not run by organizations [Show Less]