CPCE Career & Lifestyle Development Exam 127 Questions with Answers 2023
Five most influential theories - CORRECT ANSWER Super, Holland, Gottfredson,
... [Show More] Krumboltz, Saviskas
Classification of career theories - CORRECT ANSWER Actuarial and Developmental
Actuarial - CORRECT ANSWER theorists from this perspective focused on some 'structure' of the individual such as needs, traits, interests, etc., and designed a theory of how career development occurs from that basis.
Developmental - CORRECT ANSWER theorists from this perspective viewed career development as occurring over time, usually through stages. This process of career development could include various 'structures' such as self-concept and need
Vocational Development Stages - CORRECT ANSWER Growth, Exploratory, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline
Growth Development Stage - CORRECT ANSWER Birth to 14-15, Development of capacity, interests, and self-concept.
Exploratory Development Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 15-24 years. Tentative choices made
Establishment Development Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 22-44 years. Trail (in work situations) and stabilize
Maintenance Development Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 45-65, Continual adjustment process
Decline Development Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 65+ years. Preretirement, work output issues and retirement. Later changed to disengagement
Vocational Development Tasks - CORRECT ANSWER Crystallization, Specification, Implementation, Stabilization, Consolidation
Ages no longer apply, can repeat or recycle throughout tasks
Crystallization Development Task - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 14-18. formulating a general vocational goal through awareness
Specification Development Task - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 18-21. Moving from a tentative to a specific vocational choice
Implementation Development Task - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 21-24. Completing training and entering employment.
Stabilization Development Task - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 24-35. Confirming a preferred choice by performing the job.
Consolidation Development Task - CORRECT ANSWER 35+ becoming established in a career, advancing, achieving status
Nine major roles we play in life - CORRECT ANSWER Child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisure, pensioner.
Four theaters - CORRECT ANSWER Home, community, school, workplace.
Archway Model - CORRECT ANSWER Graphic representation of many determinants that comprise one's self-concept. One pillar represents the factors & variables within the individual that influence career development such as needs, aptitudes, interests, and achievements. The other pillar includes external factors such as family, community, and labor market. Between the tow pillars is the self of the individual.
Career Pattern Study - CORRECT ANSWER examined the vocational behavior of 9th graders all the way into their 30's. Adolescents who are career mature and achieve in high school tend to be more career mature and successful as young adults.
Holland Types - CORRECT ANSWER Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
Everyone has all six types in varying amounts
Realistic - CORRECT ANSWER aggressive, prefers explicit tasks requiring physical manipulation; has poor interpersonal skills.
Ex: Mechanic, technician
Investigative - CORRECT ANSWER intellectual; prefers systematic, creative investigation activities; has poor persuasive and social skills.
Ex: chemist, computer programmer
Artistic - CORRECT ANSWER imaginative; prefers self-expression via physical, verbal, or material, dislikes systematic and ordered activities
Ex: artist, editor
Social - CORRECT ANSWER social; prefers activities that inform, develop, or enlighten others, dislikes activities involving tools or machines
Ex: counselors, teachers
Enterprising - CORRECT ANSWER extroverted; prefers leadership and persuasive roles; dislikes abstract, cautious activities
Ex. manager, slaes personnel
Conventional - CORRECT ANSWER practical; prefers ordered, structured activities, dislikes ambiguous, and unsystematized tasks
Instruments used to determine Holland Type - CORRECT ANSWER Vocational Preference Inventory and Self-Directed Search
Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes - CORRECT ANSWER Most occupations in the United States have been assigned a Holland Type and can be found here
Consistency (HT) - CORRECT ANSWER adjacent pairs of types are more psychologically alike than nonadjacent pairs of types
Differentiation (HT) - CORRECT ANSWER an individual's profile of six types has significant highs(differentiated) and lows or the profile of six types tends to be flat(undifferentiated).
Congruence (HT) - CORRECT ANSWER the individual's type and the environment type are at the same
Vocational identity (HT) - CORRECT ANSWER high identity individuals are those who have a clear and stable picture of their interests and goals.
Linda Gottfredson - CORRECT ANSWER Circumscription and Compromise- focuses on the vocational development processes experienced by children. Vocational self concept is central and influences occupational selection
Circumscription (LG) - CORRECT ANSWER Narrow down occupations
Compromise (LG) - CORRECT ANSWER opt out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations
Four Stages of Career Development (LG) - CORRECT ANSWER Orientation to: Size and power, sex roles, social valuation, internal unique self
Orientation to Size and Power - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 3-5. Children have neither; they are concrete thinkers and begin to understand what it means to be an adult. Even as young as age 3 they can name occupations they would like to do.
Orientation to Sex Roles - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 6-8. There is greater awareness of values held by peers, family, and community; occupations vary greatly in social value-desirability
Orientation to internal unique self - CORRECT ANSWER 14+. In occupational selection as a teenager or adult, internal factors such as aspirations, values, and interests are critical.
Young children choose occupations - CORRECT ANSWER that fit their sex
Preadolescents choose occupations - CORRECT ANSWER which have social values consistent with their perceived social class. They may also rule out occupations which are inappropriate because of mismatch in ability, intelligence level or cultural factors.
Teenagers/adults choose occupations - CORRECT ANSWER taking into consideration self-awareness of personal characteristics
Zone of Acceptable Alternatives - CORRECT ANSWER Individuals develop a cognitive map of occupations based on sex-type, social value (prestige), and field of work (interest area). Occupations within this range are consistent with the individual's self concept.
John Krumboltz - CORRECT ANSWER Learning Theory of Career Counseling
Used Bandura's social learning theory to identify the principle concepts of his theory
Learning Theory of Career Counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Important concepts include: reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism
Learning experiences over lifetime influence career choice
Unplanned and chance events will influence an individuals career development
Genetic Endowment and Special Abilities (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER this includes inherited qualities which may set limits on career opportunities
Environmental Conditions and Events (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER Influence skill development, activities, and career preferences. Natural resources, economic conditions, and legislation may be involved.
Instrumental and Associative Learning Experiences (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER Learning through reactions to consequences, results of actions, and through reactions to others. Reinforcement and non-reinforcement of behaviors and skills are important. Associative learning experience come from associations learning through observations and written materials. They influence an individuals perceptions
Task Approach Skills (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER Skills acquired such as problem-solving, work habits, mental sets, and emotional and cognitive responses
Career Beliefs Inventory (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER may be used to identify clients' mental barriers preventing them from taking actions.
Planned Happenstance (LTCC) - CORRECT ANSWER Unplanned and chance events will influence an individuals' career development, and such occurrences should be expected and taken advantage of.
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma - CORRECT ANSWER Developmentalists that believed occupational choice progressed through three periods.
Periods of occupational choice (Ginzberg) - CORRECT ANSWER Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic
Fantasy (Ginzberg) - CORRECT ANSWER Birth to 11. Play becomes work orientated
Tentative (Ginzberg) - CORRECT ANSWER Ages 11-17. Four stages in this periods: interest, capacity, value, and transition
Realistic (Ginzberg) - CORRECT ANSWER 17+. Three stages in this period: exploration, crystallization, and specification.
Ann Roe - CORRECT ANSWER Needs approach. Believed that genetic factors, environmental experiences, and parent-child relations influenced the needs structure each child developed. Believed that careers were chosen to meet needs.
Field-by-level Classification of Occupation - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Ann Roe and has six levels and eight fields.
Field-by-level: Levels - CORRECT ANSWER Professional & managerial (highest level)
Professional & managerial (regular)
Semi-professional & managerial
Skilled
Semi-skilled
Unskilled
Field-by-level: Fields - CORRECT ANSWER Service, business contact, managerial, general cultural, arts and entertainment, technology, outdoor, and science
Tiedeman's Decision-Making Model - CORRECT ANSWER Believed that career development occurred as part of cognitive development as one resolved ego-relevant crisis.
Paralleled the eight psychosocial stages identified by Erikson.
Saw life decisions and career decisions as integrally related.
Phases of decision making - CORRECT ANSWER Anticipation or preoccupation
Implementation or adjustment
Anticipation or Preoccupation - CORRECT ANSWER Includes the following phases:
Exploration
Crystallization
Choice
Clarification
Implementation or Adjustment - CORRECT ANSWER Includes the following phases:
Induction
Reformation
Intergration
Tiedeman emphasized - CORRECT ANSWER the importance of the individual in the decision making process
I-power - CORRECT ANSWER personal reality of the individual was at the center of this potential for self-improvement and subsequent self-development.
Career development takes place (DMM) - CORRECT ANSWER Through a continuous process of differentiating one's ego development, processing developmental tasks, and resolving psychosocial crises
Cognitive information processing & career development - CORRECT ANSWER Reardon, Lenz, Sampson, & Peterson presented a theory of career development based on cognitive information processing (CIP). A procedure for solving career problems was developed based on a series of assumptions which emphasize cognitions, information, and problem solving.
CASVE Processing Skills - CORRECT ANSWER Communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, execution
Communication (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER identifying the career-related needs of the client
Analysis (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER identifying the problem components and placing them in a conceptual framework
Synthesis (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER formulating course of action or alternatives
Valuing (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER judging each action as to it's potential for success or failure and impact on others. This is a prioritizing process
Execution (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER developing pans and implementation strategies
Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER Based on Bandura's social learning theory
Self Efficacy (SCT) - CORRECT ANSWER an individual's belief that he or she can perform some task or be successful in some endeavor
influences choice, performance, and persistence.
Self-efficacy can be strengthened through - CORRECT ANSWER learning experiences such as: personal performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, social persuasion, physiological states and reactions.
Constructivism and Contextualism - CORRECT ANSWER Suggests that individuals construct their own reality or truth through their own way of organizing information.
Becomes very subjective phenomenon and focuses on how individuals extract meaning from their present situation.
Contextualism implies - CORRECT ANSWER that career development constant interplay of forces within the individual, with in the environment, and the interaction between the two. One cannot separate individuals from their environments and the individuals' perceptions and information organizing processes create their reality.
Goals for Career Counselor (CC) - CORRECT ANSWER encourage the client to make meaning of his or her situation.
Unraveling events (CC) - CORRECT ANSWER Because context is so important, unraveling envenoms into very small pieces may be counterproductive and reduce the possibility for constructing personal meaning.
Focus of attention (cc) - CORRECT ANSWER is actions which are cognitively and socially based.
Three perspectives of action (CC) - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior which occurs,
Internal state (affect)
Their social meaning
Mark Savickas - CORRECT ANSWER proponent of a postmodern career counseling approach based on career construction theory.
View of counselor (MS) - CORRECT ANSWER not as the expert with infallible scores from inventories but rather as an active agent in assisting career clients to make sense of their life and work in order to be successful and satisfied.
Perspective of personality (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER personality types, developmental tasks, and life themes
Personality types (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER may be conceptualized as those stemming from the work of Holland and others
Developmental tasks (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER were initially identified by Super and through the model presented by Bandura
Life themes (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER relate to the stories individuals experience and how they hold them together in a coherent manner.
Stories and meaning (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER are provide by clients (a narrative approach to career counseling) in order to construct a reality in line with their social and cultural backgrounds, as well as experiences.
H.B. Gelatt - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the decision-making process and outlines a fairly traditional five step process
Decision-making process (Gelatt) - CORRECT ANSWER Recognize a need to make a decision
Collect data and look at courses of action
Besides looking at courses of action
Examine potential outcomes and probability
Attend to your value system
Evaluate and make a decision, and the decision can be investigatory or permanent
Trait and Factory - CORRECT ANSWER Actuarial or matching approach
Developed by Frank Parsons
Frank Parson wrote - CORRECT ANSWER Choosing a Vocation
Trait-factor means you - CORRECT ANSWER study the individual (trait)
survey occupations (factors)
Match the person with an occupation (using true reasoning)
Williamson six steps (TF) - CORRECT ANSWER analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, counseling, and follow-up
Sociological and situational mode of career development - CORRECT ANSWER There are sociological reasons why individuals choose the work that they do.
Factors that influence occupation choice(SSM) - CORRECT ANSWER People choose what they know (occupations family members may expose them to)
Ethinc group membership and cultural factors influence individuals toward or away from certain jobs and career.
risk behavior, work identity, and career mobility.
Situationally, the environment and its opportunities influence the work an individual does - CORRECT ANSWER Labor market conditions, educational/training and employment opportunities, as well as the mix of employers will impact what is available and often determines an individual's career development
John Crites - CORRECT ANSWER Comprehensive model of career counseling
Three Diagnosis of the Career Problem (JC) - CORRECT ANSWER Differential--what are the problems
Dynamic--why have the problems occurred
Decisional--how are the problems being dealt with
After diagnosis, Crites advocated - CORRECT ANSWER client-centered and developmental counseling to begin with, later followed by the use of psychodynamic techniques such as interpretation, finally followed by trait-factor and behavioral approaches.
Vocational maturity - CORRECT ANSWER continuous developmental process moving through a series of stages and tasks
Factors which might affect decision making (DM) - CORRECT ANSWER Risk taking style
Investment (by chooser, such as time, money, deferred gratification)
Personal Values
Self0efficacy (belief that the individual can perform the behavior necessary)
Career theory limitations - CORRECT ANSWER Data is from 1950's/1960's sampled on young, white, middle-cass males, college-educated
Indecisiveness - CORRECT ANSWER an ongoing trait of the individual which implies that even with more information, the individual has problems making a decision. (True beyond the career domain)
Personal counseling may be necessary before career counseling is helpful
Career development - CORRECT ANSWER a lifelong process in which we develop values, skills, interests, and knowledge of the world of work. In this process, we also make decisions and implement these decisions through education and work.
Job - CORRECT ANSWER one person in one position doing a set of tasks
occupation - CORRECT ANSWER definable work activity found in many locations (counseling, welding)
Career (narrow) - CORRECT ANSWER series of jobs and occupations one does
Career (middle) - CORRECT ANSWER the education, training, work experience, and related professional activities associated with one's occupation
Career (broad/Super) - CORRECT ANSWER all of the work and other elif erodes one engages in
Lifestyle - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the person's orientation and preference in regard to career, family, leisure, place of residence, work climate, and overall style of life.
Leisure - CORRECT ANSWER includes periods of time in which an individual engages in activities or pursuits chosen freely such as relaxation, hobbies, sports, travel, and other outdoor or indoor activities
Compensate - CORRECT ANSWER in terms of using skills, abilities, interests that you don't use at work
Spillover - CORRECT ANSWER using the same kind of activities, using the same skills you use at work
Career guidance - CORRECT ANSWER assists individuals in understanding and acting upon self-knowledge of opportunities in work, education, and leisure, and to develop decision-making skills
Career Counseling - CORRECT ANSWER the emphasis is on career development of an individual with special attention to values and attributes, in a dynamic environment with a focus of self-understanding, career information, and career planning and decision making
Personal vs. Career counseling - CORRECT ANSWER most professionals believe that career counseling is personal counseling. Clients are holistic with problems and concerns that are multifaceted and overlap in several domains of life including home, work, and family
Career counseling process - CORRECT ANSWER Establish a relationship
problem identification
assessment
provide information
decision making
implementation and followup
Establish a relationship - CORRECT ANSWER Career counseling is built upon a relationship between a career counselor and a client. In addition to helpful personality characteristics of the counselor, certain conditions experienced by the client in career counseling will facilitate sharing of issues with the career counselor
Problem identification - CORRECT ANSWER As a result of sharing, the career counselor and client should develop a better understanding of the issues or problems confronting the client. Without this information, career counseling will lack direction and focus.
Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER is a continuous process and occurs from the moment the career counselor meets the client. Might include the use of standardized and non standardized instruments. Some level of assessment continues until termination
Provide information - CORRECT ANSWER This step of the career counseling process relies on the carer counselor as expert to provide pertinent information. the focus here is in informing the client of possibilities, opportunities, and resources helpful in addressing her or his specific career problem. Often, much of this information can be gathered by the client with appropriate direction, rather than giving to the client.
Decision making - CORRECT ANSWER Step in career counseling after information is provided
Implementation and follow-up - CORRECT ANSWER decision made in the previous set in the process is implemented. This will highly idiosyncratic depending upon the the individual, her or his circumstance, and the educational, employment, or other opportunities found in the environment. Follow up with the client should occur as agreed upon [Show Less]