COMMUNITY HEALTH III
DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL MEDICINE & SURGERY
KMTC
2ND YEARS [YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2]
MODULE 37: COMMUNITY HEALTH III
Code: CHE 223; Hours -
... [Show More] 30; Credits – 3
Pre-requisite(s): successfully covered and passed all
units in CHE 113 and CHE 213 (Community Health I & II),
Research and statistics
1Module Competence
This Module is designed to enable the
learner acquire knowledge and
applications of epidemiological
approaches in the management,
prevention and control of
communicable and non-communicable
diseases.
2Module Outcomes
By the end of this module the learner should: -
1. Apply epidemiological data and concepts in
investigation and control measures of disease
determinants in a community
2. Apply the principles of epidemiology in
prevention, control and management of
communicable diseases in the community.
3. Apply the principles of epidemiology in
prevention, control and management of noncommunicable diseases in the community.
3Module Units
Module Name Hours
Theory Practical
1. Principles of epidemiology 10 0
2. Communicable diseases 12 0
3. Non communicable diseases 8 0
4Module Content
1. Principles of epidemiology: Definitions of
terms, purpose of epidemiology, differences
between epidemiological and clinical focus,
sources of epidemiological information,
mortality and morbidity statistics,
epidemiological concepts, epidemiological
studies.
2. Communicable diseases: Definition, standard
case definition, classification, principles in
management, prevention and control,
notification and reporting of emerging and reemerging infections, infestations, specific
communicable diseases. 5Module Content - Continued
3. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Definition,
classification, causes, direct and risk factors, types
of risk factors, modifiable risk factors, shared risk
factors, metabolic risk factors, social determinants
of health, urbanization and its impact on NCDs,
tobacco, alcohol, obesogenic environment,
childhood obesity, the nutrition transition, food
marketing and advertisements, physical inactivity,
mental health and other NCDs, finances, the role
of youth as a vulnerable group with an operational
role, principles of management, prevention,
control, notification, specific non-communicable
diseases.
6Reference
1. DiClemente, R.J., Crosby R.A. and Kegler, M.C.
(eds). (2002). Emerging Theories in Health
Promotion Practice and Research: Strategies for
Improving Public Health. San Francisco: JosseyBass, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Green, L. W., and Ottoson, J. M. (1998).
Community and Population Health, 8th ed. St.
Louis New York and Toronto: WCBMcGraw-Hill.
3. Taylor, R. & Taylor, B. (1994). AUPHA Manual of
Health Services Management. Massachusetts:
Jones and Burtlett Publishers
4. Bowden, J. C. and Manning, V. (2006). Health
Promotion in Midwifery: Principles and Practice,
New York: Hodder Amold
7Reference – Continued
5. Elwes, I.,(ed.) (2005). Key Topic in Public Health:
Essential Briefings on Prevention and Health
Promotion. Edinburgh: Elsevier
6. Naidoo, J. and Wills, J. (2009). Foundations of
Health Promotion. Oxford: Saunders.
7. Hawker, J., Begg, N., Blair, I., Reintjes, R. and
Weinberg, J (2005). Communicable Disease
Control Handbook. Massachusetts: Blackwell
Publishing.
8. Heymann, D. (Ed) (2004). Control of
Communicable Diseases Manual. Washington, DC:
American Public Health Association.
9. Nordberg, E. and Kingondu, T. (2007)
Communicable Diseases, 4th ed. Nairobi: AMREF 8Mode of Learning
1. Interactive Lectures
2. Participatory learning
3. Group Discussions
4. Assignments
5. ELearning Session
9Content Delivery:
10
Week Dates Unit
From To
Week 1: Principles of epidemiology, introduction, definitions, purpose of
epidemiology, epidemiological focus, clinical focus
Week 2: Objective of epidemiology, uses of epidemiology
Week 3 Sources of epidemiological data
Week 4 Mortality and morbidity statistics, epidemiological concept
Week 5: Epidemiological studies
Week 6: Communicable diseases, definition, standard case definition, classification,
Week 7: Principles of management, management and control of an epidemic, specific
communicable diseases-faeco-oral route diseases
Week 8: Emerging and re-emerging disease
Week 9: cats
Week 10: specific communicable diseases-airborne diseases
Week 11
Water-related diseases
Week 12: Non-communicable diseases, Definitions, classification, causes, direct and
risk factors,
Week 13: types of risk factors, modifiable risk factors, shared risk factors, metabolic
risk factors, Social determinants of Health, Urbanization and its impact on
NCDs, tobacco, alcohol, obesogenic environment, childhood obesity, the
nutrition transition,
Week 14: Food marketing and advertisements, Physical inactivity, Mental Health and
other NCDs, Finances, The role of youth as a vulnerable group with an
operational role, principles of management, prevention, control,
Week 15: Specific non-communicable diseases.
Week 16: Specific non-communicable diseases.
Week 17: Study week
Week 18: End of Semester ExaminationsIntroduction:
Epidemiology
The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words
epi, meaning on or upon, demos, meaning people, and
logos, meaning the study of.
In other words, the word epidemiology has its roots in
the study of what befalls a population.
Epidemiology is: the branch of medicine that studies
the patterns of disease occurrence in human population
and the factors that influence these patterns.
OR
The study of distribution and determinants of disease in
human population
OR 11 The study of distribution and determinants of health and
disease states in human populations
OR
The study of the factors that influence the occurrence and
distribution of disease among the human population
It studies the disease distribution and determinants in the
populations.
Epidemiology tend to use the 5 W’s in characterizing
epidemiologic events: diagnosis or health event (what),
person (who), place (where), time (when), and causes, risk
factors, and modes of transmission (why/how).
It is also important to note that although epidemiology is a
discipline, it has an Historical Evolution. Epidemiology’s
roots are nearly 2500 years old.
Disease is the inability of the individual to function,
physically, mentally and socially at a level that is both
individually satisfying and appropriate to the stage of growth
and development of the individual. (Hardley,1974). 12Definitions:
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations, and the application of this study
to the control of health problems
Major components of the definition
Key terms in this definition reflect some of the important
principles of epidemiology.
Study: Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound
methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation.
Epidemiology is data-driven and relies on a systematic
and unbiased approach to the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
13 Distribution: Epidemiology is concerned with the
frequency and pattern of health events in a population:
Frequency refers not only to the number of health events
such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a
population, but also to the relationship of that number to
the size of the population. The resulting rate allows
epidemiologists to compare disease occurrence across
different populations.
Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events
by time, place, and person.
Determinants: Epidemiology is also used to search for
determinants, which are the causes and other factors
that influence the occurrence of disease and other
health-related events.
14 Health-related states or events: Health related
conditions (states or events) are conditions which
directly or indirectly affect or influence health. These
may be injuries, births, health related behaviors like
smoking, unemployment, poverty etc. Epidemiology is
concerned not only with disease but also with other
health related conditions because every thing around us
and what we do also affects our health.
Specified populations: The main focus of epidemiology
is on the effect of disease on the population rather than
individuals. For example malaria affects many people in
Place A but lung cancer is rare. If an individual develops
lung cancer, it is more likely that he/she will die.
Epidemiology is concerned about the collective health
of the people in a community or population.
15 Application: Epidemiology is not just “the study of” health
in a population; it also involves applying the knowledge
gained by the studies to community-based practice.
Epidemiology involves application of the studies to the
promotion of health and to the prevention and control of
health problems. This means the whole aim in studying the
frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease is to
identify effective disease prevention and control strategies.
Summary
Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, datadriven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and
determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states
and events (not just diseases) in specified populations
(patient is community, individuals viewed collectively), and
the application of (since epidemiology is a discipline within
public health) this study to the control of health problems.
16Basic Epidemiology Terms – Disease Frequency
Endemic – disease or condition present among a
population at all times
Outbreak – (localized epidemic) – more cases of a
particular disease than expected in a given area or
among a specialized group of people over a particular
period of time.
Epidemic – large numbers of people over a wide
geographic area affected.
Pandemic - An epidemic occurring over a very wide area
(several countries or continents) and usually affecting a
large proportion of the population.
Sporadic – a disease that occurs infrequently and
irregularly [Show Less]