What are the advantages of vaccines?
Reduce chance of future outbreaks. Might save lives
What are the disadvantages of vaccines?
Vaccine could
... [Show More] harm healthy person. Unfair if not available to everyone
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
What parts does a typical animal cell have?
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuole, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria
What parts does a typical plant cell have?
Has no nucleus
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Has a nucleus
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Has a tail so it can swim
How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?
Particles move from high concentration to low concentration down concentration gradient
What is diffusion?
Water moves from high concentration to low concentration down concentration gradient
What is osmosis?
Particles move from low concentration to high concentration against a concentration gradient. This requires energy.
What is Active Transport?
Active Transport
How are nitrate ions absorbed into plants?
More water = less oxygen = less respiration = less energy = less active transport
Why would flooded land reduce the uptake of nitrate ions?
Red Blood Cells
What part of the blood carries oxygen around the body?
White Blood Cells
What part of the blood protects against infection?
Plasma
What part of the blood carries proteins and dissolved substances?
Help blood to clot
What do platelets do?
Bleed immediately, lose a lot of blood
What happens if blood does not clot?
Uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water (and energy)
What is aerobic respiration?
Uses just glucose to produce lactic acid (and energy)
What is anaerobic respiration?
Not enough oxygen available
Why would a human respire anaerobically?
They produce carbon dioxide and ethanol. To help make bread rise or provide alcohol for beer / wine.
How do yeast respire?
Breathing rate increases - increase oxygen. Heart rate increases - pump more blood. Temperature increases - increased respiration. Sweating occurs - cools the body
What changes happen to the human body during exercise?
Right side - pumps blood to lungs. Left side - pumps blood around body
Why is the heart often described as a double pump?
Decrease blood cholesterol. Slow down build-up of fat in arteries. Helps blood to flow. Bad - side effects of drug
What are statins used for?
Hold blocked arteries open. Blood can flow better. Bad - risk of surgery
What are stents used for?
Cell division to produce new body cells
What is mitosis?
Cell division is uncontrolled
Why can cancers grow very large?
Carcinogens
What can increase the risk of cancer?
Cells can break off. Travel in blood
How can tumours spread to other parts of the body?
Gonorrhoea / Salmonella
Name a bacterium
Malaria / plasmodium
Name a protist
Measles / influenza
Name a virus
Mucus - trap pathogens. Cilia - move mucus
How is the respiratory system adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens?
Thing we measure - find it in the question
What is the dependent variable?
Thing we change - find it in the question
What is the independent variable?
Things we keep the same - find them also
What is the control variable?
Photosynthesis to produce glucose. Glucose is then used for growth and respiration.
What do chloroplasts do in plants?
Carbon dioxide + water à oxygen + glucose
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Light. Carbon Dioxide. Temperature
What factors limit the rate of photosynthesis?
Most favourable situation (e.g. the best temperature / pH)
What does the term optimum mean?
Bacteria. The do not treat a virus
What can antibiotics used to kill?
Concentration taken / how often a drug is used
What is a dose?
If the drug treats the illness
What is the efficacy?
Side effects of the drug
What is the toxicity?
Give weakened form of disease; People develop antibodies; People are immune to disease
What do vaccines do?
Reduce chance of future outbreaks. Might save lives
What are the advantages of vaccines?
Vaccine could harm healthy person. Unfair if not available to everyone
What are the disadvantages of vaccines?
Name 5 subcellular structures both plant and animals have
Nucleus, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane
What three things do plant cells have that animal cells don't?
Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Vacuole
Where is genetic material found in: i) animal cell
ii) bacterial cells i) Nucleus. ii) Free floating single strand DNA + Plsmids
What type of organism are bacteria?
Prokaryote
Which gives a higher resolution - a light microscope or electron microscope?
Electron
What is cell differentiation?
When a stem cell changes to adapt to a specific function and becomes a specilaised cell
Give 3 ways that a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to the egg?
Tail + Half nucleus + Lots of Mitochondria + Acrosome
Draw a diagram of a nerve cell. Why is it this shape?
Long so it carries signal long distances, dendrties to spread the singal across multiple cells
What are chromosomes?
Coiled up sections of DNA wrapped around histones.
What is the cell cycle?
Interphase - Mitosis - Cytokinesis [Show Less]