92 (book says 93) - ✔✔ How many naturally occurring elements are there?
1. Orbiting electrons form pairs.
2. Atoms tend to form full outer
... [Show More] shells (octet rule).
3. Positive and negative charges balance (protons = electrons). - ✔✔ What are the three energetic tendencies?
Covalent>Ionic>hydrogen bond. - ✔✔ Write bonds learned about in order of strength?
By a alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. - ✔✔ How are glucoses bonded together in starch?
Starch synthetase (synthase?) - ✔✔ What enzyme catalyzes starch?
A starch with unbranched chains. - ✔✔ What is amylose?
Branched chains of starch. - ✔✔ What is amylopectin?
By beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds - ✔✔ How are glucoses bonded together in cellulose?
A protein with a short chain of sugars attached. - ✔✔ What is a glycoprotein (glycopeptide)
A peptide bond. - ✔✔ Amino acids are connected by what type of bond?
The primary structure. - ✔✔ What protein structure is the amino acid sequence?
The secondary structure. - ✔✔ What protein structure is due to the interactions of R groups?
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. - ✔✔ What are the two types of secondary (protein) structure?
The tertiary structure. - ✔✔ What protein structure is the physical shape of a protein in its functional mode?
The quaternary structure. - ✔✔ What protein structure is the interaction of 2 or more separate polypeptides?
Hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, interaction of hydrophobic regions. - ✔✔ How are protein shapes maintained?
pH and Heat. - ✔✔ The tertiary structure of proteins is affected by what, causing denaturation.
A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. - ✔✔ Nucleotides are formed by the bonding of what?
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil. - ✔✔ Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Guanine and adenine. - ✔✔ Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
DNA, RNA, and ATP. - ✔✔ What are the three types are nucleic acids?
Fatty acids. - ✔✔ What are the basic units of lipids?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. - ✔✔ A phospholipid contains what?
Nehemiah Grew - ✔✔ Who was considered the father of plant anatomy?
Marcello Malpighi - ✔✔ Plant anatomist in Italy that discovered various tissues in stems and roots.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔ Considered the father of microscopy?
J.B. van Helmont - ✔✔ Plant physiology was established by whom?
Robert Hooke - ✔✔ Who first examined cells?
Jean Lamarck - ✔✔ Who said, "No body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue."
Robert Brown - ✔✔ Who discovered that all cells contain a nucleus?
Schleiden and Schwann - ✔✔ Who came up with the cell theory?
Rudolf Virchow - ✔✔ Who came up with the theory of biogenesis (all cells come from pre-existing cells?
Louis Pasteur - ✔✔ Who finally disproved spontaneous generation?
Cellulose - ✔✔ What is the main structural component of cell walls?
Hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins. - ✔✔ In addition to cellulose, cell walls usually contain what?
Pectin - ✔✔ The middle lamella consists of a layer of what?
Plasmodesmata - ✔✔ Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings?
2 - ✔✔ The nucleus is bounded by how many membranes?
Dictysomes - ✔✔ What organelle is involved in the modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Stroma - ✔✔ The liquid portion of the chloroplast is a colorless matrix called what? [Show Less]