Clinical Chemistry 1 Final Exam Complete Study Guide
1. Know which is the most frequently encountered disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
• High blood
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2. Know the incidence rate and most common etiology of hypoglycemia in the general population
• Affects approximately 9% of the population
• The incidence is unknown but is low
o Except patients who use exogenous insulin to control blood glucose
3. Know which types of sugars will reduce Cu2+
• Aldoses
• Ketoses that can isomerize to an aldose
4. Know the relative level of branching among dietary polysaccharides
• Amylose:
o Consists of one long unbranched chain of glucose units linked together by alpha-1,4- linkages
• Amylopectin:
o Most units are joined by alpha-1,4-linkages
o But an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds exist every 24-30 residues
• Glycogen:
o Similar to amylopectin but branching is more extensive and is evident every 8-12 glucose residues
5. Know and understand the characteristics that need to be considered when choosing a substrate for performing an amylase assay and what substances cannot be as substrates in this assays
• the difference in structure between amylose and amylopectin is important in selection of the appropriate starch substrate for amylase determinations
• the rate of hydrolysis is affected by structural differences in the starch
6. Know which structural elements of RBCs are associated with their destruction
• The loss of sialic acid residues from the ends of oligosaccharide chains on RBCs
7. Know the metabolic processes/pathways that decrease blood glucose concentration
• Glycogenesis: glucose glycogen
• Glycolysis: glucose pyruvate or lactate
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway: glucose CO2 and water
8. Know the best definition of hypoglycemia from a clinical standpoint and the clinical scenario most commonly associated with hypoglycemia
• Hypoglycemia:
o A blood glucose concentration below the fasting value
• Widely used cutoff: 50 – 60 mg/dL
9. Know the factors associated with the development of signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
• Epinephrine produces the classic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, namely:
o Trembling
o Sweating
o Nausea
o Tachycardia
o Light-headedness
o Hunger
o Upper abdominal discomfort
10. Know which tissues utilize glucose as their main source of energy and their alternative sources of energy when glucose is chronically low
• The brain is completely dependent on blood glucose for energy
• Ketones may be used when blood glucose is
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