Civil Service 2100 exam 1 - ch 1|129 Questions with Verified Answers
Crimes routinely reported by the media are more ? than crimes routinely committed.
... [Show More] - CORRECT ANSWER sensational
The calls to which police respond often do not involve ? at all. - CORRECT ANSWER crimes
Most common police call: - CORRECT ANSWER parking violations
Criminal justice is an institution of social control, other institutions include (6): - CORRECT ANSWER The family, Schools, Organized religion, The media, The law
Define Institution of Social Control: - CORRECT ANSWER An organization that persuades people, through subtle and not-so-subtle means, to abide by the dominant values of society.
Subtle means of ISC: - CORRECT ANSWER gossip, peer pressure
Not-so-subtle means of ISC: - CORRECT ANSWER expulsion, incarceration
As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the others in two important ways: It is concerned with behavior that is defined as: - CORRECT ANSWER criminal
As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the others in two important ways: It is society's "____ ____ of _______" against people who refuse to abide by dominant social values and commit crimes. - CORRECT ANSWER last line of defense
Criminal justice in the United States is administered by a loose confederation of more than ? agencies of federal, state, and local governments. - CORRECT ANSWER 50,000
Together they are commonly referred to as the "criminal justice system" (3): - CORRECT ANSWER police, courts, corrections
The criminal justice system operates differently in different ?, but there are similarities as well. - CORRECT ANSWER jurisdictions
The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police or when the police discover a crime has been committed: 1. Police ? the crime. 2. If the investigation is successful, police arrest a suspect. 3. After the arrest, the suspect is booked at the police station. - CORRECT ANSWER investigate
The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police or when the police discover a crime has been committed: 1. Police investigate the crime. 2. If the investigation is successful, police ? a suspect. 3. After the arrest, the suspect is booked at the police station. - CORRECT ANSWER arrest
The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police or when the police discover a crime has been committed: 1. Police investigate the crime. 2. If the investigation is successful, police arrest a suspect. 3. After the arrest, the suspect is ? at the police station. - CORRECT ANSWER booked
Define arrest: - CORRECT ANSWER The seizing and detaining of a person by lawful authority.
Define booking: - CORRECT ANSWER The administrative recording of an arrest.
In booking, typically the suspect's name, the ?, and perhaps the suspect's fingerprints or photograph are entered in the police blotter - CORRECT ANSWER charge
Courts: After a suspect has been arrested and booked, a ? reviews the facts of the case and the available evidence - CORRECT ANSWER prosecutor
Courts: The prosecutor decides whether to ? the suspect with a crime. - CORRECT ANSWER charge
Courts: If no charges are filed, the suspect must be ?. - CORRECT ANSWER released
Pretrial Stages: After the charges have been filed, the suspect is brought before a lower-court ? for an initial appearance and is given formal notice of the charges against him/her and advised of his/her constitutional rights (for example, the right to counsel). - CORRECT ANSWER judge
Pretrial Stages: After the charges have been filed, the suspect is brought before a lower-court judge for an initial appearance and is given formal notice of the charges against him/her and ? of his/her constitutional rights (for example, the right to counsel). - CORRECT ANSWER advised
Define defendant: - CORRECT ANSWER A person against whom a legal action is brought, a warrant is issued, or an indictment is found.
Define initial appearance: - CORRECT ANSWER A pretrial stage in which a defendant is brought before a lower court to be given notice of the charge(s) and advised of his/her constitutional rights
In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a ? trial may be held. - CORRECT ANSWER summary
In the case of a felony, a ? is held to determine whether the defendant should be released or whether there is probable cause to hold the defendant for a preliminary hearing. - CORRECT ANSWER hearing
In the case of a felony, a hearing is held to determine whether the defendant should be released or whether there is probable cause to hold the defendant for a ? hearing - CORRECT ANSWER preliminary
Define misdemeanor: - CORRECT ANSWER A less serious crime generally punishable by a fine or by incarceration in jail for not more than one year.
Define felony: - CORRECT ANSWER A serious offense punishable by confinement in prison for more than one year or by death.
If the suspect is to be held for a preliminary hearing, ? may be set by the judge. - CORRECT ANSWER bail
If the judge at a preliminary hearing finds probable cause, the defendant is bound over for possible ? or arraignment. - CORRECT ANSWER indictment
If the judge at a preliminary hearing finds probable cause, the defendant is bound over for possible indictment or ?. - CORRECT ANSWER arraignment
In states that do not utilize preliminary hearings, an ? date is scheduled at the initial appearance. - CORRECT ANSWER arraignment
The grand jury determines whether there is ________ _____ to believe that the accused committed the crime with which the prosecutor has charged him or her. - CORRECT ANSWER probable cause
Define grand jury: - CORRECT ANSWER A group of citizens who meet in closed sessions for a specified period to investigate charges coming from preliminary hearings and to fulfill other responsibilities.
Once an indictment or information is filed with the trial court, the defendant is scheduled for ?. - CORRECT ANSWER arraignment
About ? of criminal defendants plead guilty to
the charges against them in an arrangement called plea bargaining. - CORRECT ANSWER 95%
Define arraignment: - CORRECT ANSWER a pretrial stage to hear the information or indictment and to allow a plea.
Define plea bargaining: - CORRECT ANSWER the practice whereby a specific sentence is imposed if the accused pleads guilty to an agreed-on charge or charges instead of going to trial.
Define indictment: - CORRECT ANSWER a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.
If a defendant pleads not guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity, a _____ ____ is set. - CORRECT ANSWER trial date
?% of criminal cases go to trial - CORRECT ANSWER 5%
?% of criminal cases are decided in a bench trial - CORRECT ANSWER 3%
Define bench trial: - CORRECT ANSWER A trial before a judge without a jury
?% of criminal cases are decided in a jury trial - CORRECT ANSWER 2%
If the defendant is found guilty as charged, then the judge (and sometimes the jury) begins to consider a ?. - CORRECT ANSWER sentence
If the defendant is found not guilty, then the defendant is ?. - CORRECT ANSWER released
Currently, five types of punishment are used in the United States, they are: - CORRECT ANSWER fines, probation, intermediate punishments, imprisonment, death
As long as a judge imposes one or a combination of the five punishments and the sentence length and type are within ? limits, the judge is free to set any sentence. - CORRECT ANSWER statutory
Defendants can appeal their convictions either on ? or constitutional grounds. - CORRECT ANSWER legal
Defendants can appeal their convictions either on legal or ? grounds. - CORRECT ANSWER constitutional
Legal Grounds: 1. Defects in ? selection. 2. Improper admission of evidence at trial. 3. Mistaken interpretations of law. - CORRECT ANSWER jury
Legal Grounds: 1. Defects in jury selection. 2. Improper admission of ? at trial. 3. Mistaken interpretations of law. - CORRECT ANSWER evidence
Legal Grounds: 1. Defects in jury selection. 2. Improper admission of evidence at trial. 3. Mistaken ? of law. - CORRECT ANSWER interpretations
Constitutional Grounds: 1. Illegal search and ?. 2. Improper questioning by police. 3. Incompetent assistance of counsel. - CORRECT ANSWER seizure
Constitutional Grounds: 1. Illegal search and seizure. 2. Improper ? by police. 3. Incompetent assistance of counsel. - CORRECT ANSWER questioning
Constitutional Grounds: 1. Illegal search and seizure. 2. Improper questioning by police. 3. Incompetent assistance of ?. - CORRECT ANSWER counsel
A defendant sentenced to prison may be eligible for ? after serving a portion of his/her sentence. - CORRECT ANSWER parole
Define parole: - CORRECT ANSWER the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences
Define system: - CORRECT ANSWER a smoothly operating set of arrangements and institution directed toward the achievement of common goals.
The depiction of criminal justice as a "system" may be inappropriate and misleading for at least two reasons: 1) there is no ? "criminal justice system" in the United States. 2) If a system is thought of as a smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions directed toward the achievement of common goals, one is hard-pressed to call the operation of criminal justice in the United States a system. - CORRECT ANSWER single
The depiction of criminal justice as a "system" may be inappropriate and misleading for at least two reasons: 1) there is no single "criminal justice system" in the United States. 2) If a system is thought of as a smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions directed toward the achievement of common goals, one is ____-_______ to call the operation of criminal justice in the United States a system. - CORRECT ANSWER hard-pressed
Instead, because there is considerable conflict and confusion among different ? of criminal justice, a more accurate representation may be that of a nonsystem. - CORRECT ANSWER agencies
Herbert Packer describes the criminal justice process in the United States as the outcome of ? between two value systems. - CORRECT ANSWER competition
Packer's Crime Control: Those two value systems represent two ends of a value ?. - CORRECT ANSWER continuum
Two Models of Criminal Justice Process: 1. Due Process Model. 2. _____ ________ Model - CORRECT ANSWER Crime Control
Two Models of Criminal Justice Process: 1. ___ _______ Model. 2. Crime Control Model - CORRECT ANSWER Due Process
Due Process Model: Traditional ? values. - CORRECT ANSWER liberal
Crime Control Model: Traditional ? values. - CORRECT ANSWER conservative
In the crime control model, the control of criminal ? is by far the most important function of criminal justice. - CORRECT ANSWER behavior
Crime Control Model: The primary focus is on ? in the operation of the criminal justice process. - CORRECT ANSWER efficiency
Crime Control Model: The key to the operation is "a presumption of ?." - CORRECT ANSWER guilt
Crime Control Model: Advocates assume that if the police have expended the time and effort to arrest a suspect and the prosecutor has formally charged the suspect with a crime, then the suspect must be ?. - CORRECT ANSWER guilty
The due process model is based on the ________ of _____ _____ and the presumption of innocence. - CORRECT ANSWER doctrine of legal guilt
The due process model is based on the doctrine of legal guilt and the presumption of ?. - CORRECT ANSWER innocence
Due Process Model: Define Doctrine of Legal Guilt: - CORRECT ANSWER people are not to be held guilty of crimes merely on a showing, based on reliable evidence, that in all probability they did in fact do what they are accused of doing
Due Process Model: Doctrine of Legal Guilt in simplistic terms: it is not enough that people are factually guilty; they must also be ? guilty. - CORRECT ANSWER legally
Fundamentally, the due process model defends the idea of personal ? and its protection. - CORRECT ANSWER freedom
Since the mid-1970s, the _____ ________ _____ has dominated the practice of criminal and juvenile justice in the United States. - CORRECT ANSWER crime control model
Many elements of the ____ _______ _____ remain evident in the process of justice. - CORRECT ANSWER due process model
Which model (crime control; due process) is likely to completely represent the practices of criminal and juvenile justice? - CORRECT ANSWER neither
In 2012, local, state, and federal governments spent a total of $? billion in direct expenditures for the civil and criminal justice systems. - CORRECT ANSWER 256
Which government type spent the most on police protection? - CORRECT ANSWER local
Which government type spent the least of police protection? - CORRECT ANSWER state
Which government type spent the most on judicial/legal services? - CORRECT ANSWER local
Which government type spent the least of judicial/legal services? - CORRECT ANSWER federal
Which government type spent the most on corrections? - CORRECT ANSWER state
Which government spent the least on corrections? - CORRECT ANSWER federal
_____ and _____ government pay most of the costs of CJ. - CORRECT ANSWER state and local
Local governments spent ?% of the total spent on police protection. - CORRECT ANSWER 67
State governments spent ?% of the total spent on corrections. - CORRECT ANSWER 58
Local and state governments split the expense of judicial and legal services, with each spending about ?% of the total. - CORRECT ANSWER 40
About ? cents out of every tax dollar are spent on criminal justice. - CORRECT ANSWER 4
Costs of CJ: More than half of all Americans think the government should spend ?. - CORRECT ANSWER more
Much of the American public's understanding of crime and criminal justice is wrong; it is based on ? rather than facts. - CORRECT ANSWER myths
Acceptance of myths: contributes to the failure to significantly reduce _________ _____ and to increase peace. - CORRECT ANSWER predatory crime
Acceptance of myths: results in the waste of billions of dollars in the ______ _______ _____. - CORRECT ANSWER battle against crime
Myths are beliefs based on emotion rather than ?. - CORRECT ANSWER analysis
The system is divided into four parts: 1. _____ into the ______ 2. prosecution and pretrial procedures 3. judicial procedures 4. sentencing and corrections. - CORRECT ANSWER entry into the system
The system is divided into four parts: 1. entry into the system 2. ___________ and ________ procedures 3. judicial procedures 4. sentencing and corrections. - CORRECT ANSWER prosecution and pretrial
The system is divided into four parts: 1. entry into the system 2. prosecution and pretrial procedures 3. ________ procedures 4. sentencing and corrections. - CORRECT ANSWER judicial
The system is divided into four parts: 1. entry into the system 2. prosecution and pretrial procedures 3. judicial procedures 4. s_________ and c__________. - CORRECT ANSWER sentencing and corrections
For juvenile offenses, the procedure is slightly different because after the investigation or arrest, they are directly moved to the next stage if found ? - CORRECT ANSWER not innocent
Define jurisdiction: - CORRECT ANSWER a politically define geographical area
Define summary trial: - CORRECT ANSWER an immediate trial without a jury
Define probable cause: - CORRECT ANSWER a standard of proof that requires evidence sufficient to make a reasonable person believe that, more likely than not, the proposed action is justified
Define bail: - CORRECT ANSWER usually a monetary guarantee deposited with the court to insure suspects of defendants will appear at a later stage in the CJ process
Define preliminary hearing: - CORRECT ANSWER in a felony case, a pretrial stage at which a judge determines whether there is probable cause
Define information: - CORRECT ANSWER a document that outlines the formal charges against a suspect, the laws that have been violated, and the evidence to support the charges
Define probation: - CORRECT ANSWER a sentence in which the offender, rather than being incarcerated, is retained in the community under the supervision of a probation agency
5 types of punishment in use in the US: 1. _____ 2. probation 3. intermediate punishment 4. imprisonment 5. death - CORRECT ANSWER fines
5 types of punishment in use in the US: 1. fines 2. _________ 3. intermediate punishment 4. imprisonment 5. death - CORRECT ANSWER probation
5 types of punishment in use in the US: 1. fines 2. probation 3. ____________ __________ 4. imprisonment 5. death - CORRECT ANSWER intermediate punishment
5 types of punishment in use in the US: 1. fines 2. probation 3. intermediate punishment 4. ____________ 5. death - CORRECT ANSWER imprisonment
5 types of punishment in use in the US: 1. fines 2. probation 3. intermediate punishment 4. imprisonment 5. _____. - CORRECT ANSWER death
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/__________ by ______ 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER discovered by police
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. ______________ 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER investigations
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. ______ 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER arrest
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. _______ 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER booking
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. _______ appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER initial
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. ___________ hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER preliminary
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/_________ 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER detention
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. ___________/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER information
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. ___________ 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER arraignment
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/______ ____ 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER guilty plea
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. __________ 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER sentencing
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. a_____ OR p___________ 13. habeas corpus OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER appeal or penitentiary
Overview of the CJ system (felonies): 1. crime reported to/discovered by police 2. investigation 3. arrest 4. booking 5. initial appearance 6. preliminary hearing 7. bail/detention 8. information/grand jury 9. arraignment 10. trial/guilty plea 11. sentencing 12. appeal OR penitentiary 13. ______ ______ OR parole - CORRECT ANSWER habeas corpus [Show Less]