Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 9: Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the Brave Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.
... [Show More] Who is widely considered to be the author of the serenity prayer? A. Reinhold Niebuhr B. Aristotle C. Jean Piaget D. Robert Sternberg Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the Brave Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What group is wisdom considered to be a part of? A. the big five factors B. the divine traits C. the four cardinal virtues D. the triarchy of intelligences Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wisdom and Courage: Two of a Kind Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What does the author explain is at the core of the debate on the relationship between wisdom and courage? A. how they interact with culture B. which of them precedes the other C. whether they can be defined without the other D. which is more adaptive Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wisdom and Courage: Two of a Kind Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What was the theme of Robert Martin’s article on attaining wisdom? A. if wisdom has negative consequences for happiness B. whether it can exist alongside having low intelligence C. why we cannot use it more often D. the difficulty in understanding the concept of wisdom Ans: D contact: royfields212@gmail.com Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Wisdom Difficult to Define, Attain Difficulty Level: Hard 5. The Greek term phronesis refers to ______. A. practical wisdom B. knowledge C. abstract thought D. implicit wisdom Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which president of the American Psychological Association wrote a book in 1922 that discussed how wisdom is gained during the aging process? A. William James B. Martin Seligman C. G. Stanley Hall D. Albert Bandura Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Which of the following characteristics was identified as one of the underlying dimensions of wisdom by Clayton? A. intelligence B. affective C. creativity D. intuition Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What did Sternberg (1985) and Holliday and Chandler (1986) search for in their studies on wisdom? A. why wisdom is not more common B. if wisdom exists across cultures C. when wisdom begins in children D. the factors that underlie wisdom Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 9. Which of the following themes did Baltes find when analyzing cultural-historical and philosophical writings? A. Wisdom is well intended and combines mind and virtue. B. Wisdom is difficult to attain and difficult to recognize. C. Wisdom does not involve special or superior judgment. D. Wisdom is valued more in Western mainstream cultures. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Research indicates that children can begin recognizing wisdom as soon as ______. A. fifth grade B. preschool C. first grade D. third grade Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Which of the following descriptions fits the view of a wise person in Eastern cultures? A. a person who is well-versed in philosophy B. an individual who shows compassion for others C. someone who stresses cognition over affection D. a person whose intelligence allows them to learn to their heart’s content Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Compared to implicit theories of wisdom, explicit theories of wisdom focus more on which characteristics? A. how wisdom relates to leadership B. cultural differences in definitions of wisdom C. the relationship between wisdom and courage D. behavioral manifestations of wisdom Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard 13. What was the focus of Jean Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development? A. the different kinds of thinking that occur during childhood and adulthood Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. the competing influences of the id, ego, and superego C. the development of language D. the relationship between intelligence and personality Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Riegel built upon Piaget’s stage theory by adding a stage to represent wisdom. What was the name of this stage? A. preoperational stage B. concrete operations stage C. dialectical operations stage D. formal operations stage Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 15. According to Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom, what is the goal of wisdom? A. achievement of a common good B. acquiring material wealth C. maintaining the status quo D. an increase in intelligence Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which life span theorist believed that wisdom reflects a maturity in which concerns for the collective good transcend personal interests? A. Freud B. Piaget C. Jung D. Erikson Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 17. According to Baltes, what are the two basic criteria related to expertise and wise performance? A. factual knowledge and procedural knowledge B. intelligence and factual knowledge C. thoroughness and procedural knowledge D. technical knowledge and theoretical knowledge Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 18. What do the three metacriteria of Baltes’ five criteria of wisdom have in common? A. a focus on the insignificance of cultural effects B. a focus on the ability to plan for future circumstances C. a focus on flexibility and dialectical processing D. a focus on intelligence as a vital precursor for wisdom Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard 19. The recurring strong feelings that life is incomplete or imperfect, coupled with a desire for ideal, alternative states and experiences of life are the definition of ______. A. the human condition B. life longings C. gestalt cognition D. the dialectical process Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 20. According to Erikson, wisdom is gained through resolving crises associated with ______. A. developing an identity B. contributing to the next generation C. developing autonomy and avoiding guilt D. resolving integrity versus despair Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developing Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 21. What does Jung claim must happen to gain wisdom? A. Someone must resolve conflicts pertaining to the family unit. B. A person must overcome inferiority and strive for superiority. C. Someone must resolve psychic conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. D. A person must develop integrity and avoid despair. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developing Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 22. Which of the following people is correctly matched with the core of their viewpoint on developing wisdom? A. Erickson; family conflicts B. Jung; integrity C. Sternberg; personality characteristics D. Baltes; generativity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Developing Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Which of the following summarizes how mentors influence the development of wisdom? A. Mentors are not appropriate for helping people develop wisdom. B. Mentors are important, but their influence is sometimes indirect. C. Mentors can teach skills related to intelligence, a related construct. D. Mentors can help someone understand the meaning of wisdom. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Developing Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard 24. What group of professionals has been found to have high levels of wisdom? A. trial lawyers B. registered nurses C. creative writers D. clinical psychologists Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Which of the following was a finding of Monica Ardelt’s “Berkeley Guidance Project?” A. The quality of a person’s social environment in early adulthood has a significant effect on the development of wisdom. B. Significant gender differences exist in terms of the developmental course of wisdom. C. Children today are significantly wiser than children born in the 1950s. D. Children in California are significantly wiser than children in the rest of America. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What has been demonstrated about gender differences in wisdom? Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Men who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation. B. Younger men had the highest level of affective wisdom. C. Women who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation. D. Younger women had the lowest level of affective wisdom. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium 27. What did Baltes and Staudinger find when examining wisdom in people between the ages of 25 and 75? A. Wisdom was positively correlated with age. B. Wisdom was not associated with age in this age range. C. Wisdom was negatively correlated with age. D. Wisdom was highest around the age of 50. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium 28. What decade has been found to be a major time in the development of wisdom? A. 46–55 B. 36–45 C. 26–35 D. 15–25 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Easy 29. What has been determined by cross-cultural research in Japan and the United States (U.S.) about the characteristics related to wisdom? A. People from the U.S. showed greater wisdom with age, but Japanese people showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans. B. Both Japanese people and people from the U.S. showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans. C. Japanese people showed greater wisdom with age, but Americans showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans. D. Both Japanese people and people from the U.S. showed evidence of wisdom with age. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 30. Which measure of wisdom would a researcher use if they desired to understand the cognitive, reflective, and affective components of wisdom? A. the Wisdom Development Scale B. the Baltes series of life problems C. the 3D-WS (three-dimensional wisdom scale) D. the Wise Thinking and Acting Questionnaire (WITHAQ) Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Measurement of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following statements most accurately states the relationships between wisdom and intelligence? A. Intelligence and wisdom are the same thing. B. Intelligence is not necessarily associated with wisdom. C. Intelligence is the consequence of wisdom. D. Intelligence is more timeless than wisdom. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Measurement of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Which measure of wisdom is useful for measuring dimensions such as life skills, self-knowledge, and emotional management? A. the 3D-WS (three-dimensional wisdom scale) B. the Sternberg conflict resolution assessment C. the Wise Thinking and Acting Questionnaire (WITHAQ) D. the Wisdom Development Scale Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Measurement of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 33. How does Sternberg distinguish between wisdom and intelligence? A. Wisdom is more associated with resolving major life problems. B. Intelligence is more related to interpersonal savvy. C. Wisdom is the ‘know-what,’ intelligence is the ‘know-how.’ D. Intelligence can be cultivated, wisdom is a fixed quality. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Measurement of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Studies with young adults have found that wisdom is related to having ______. A. high intelligence B. a greater investment in hedonistic pursuits Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 C. a solid and consistent ego D. a broad skill set Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Benefits of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 35. In older adults, there is a link between wisdom and positive personal traits, including ______. A. education level B. a sense of purpose in life C. emotional intelligence D. cognitive functions Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Benefits of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which area of the brain has been found to be essential to the development of wisdom? A. the temporoparietal junction B. the prefrontal cortex C. the occipital lobe D. the frontotemporal lobe Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 37. For which group is there little research about the construct of wisdom? A. African Americans B. Asian Americans C. Caucasian Americans D. Native Americans Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Future Study of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 38. What was a component of Cicero’s view on courage? A. physical strength B. swiftness C. confidence D. vitality Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 39. In their Values in Action classification system, Peterson and Seligman considered which of the following to be a core human virtue related to courage? A. wisdom B. valor C. satisfaction D. discontent Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 40. What did k. K. O’Byrne and colleagues identify as the three types of courage? A. physical, spiritual, and moral B. vital, physical, and moral C. interpersonal, spiritual, and physical D. moral, interpersonal, and vital Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Which of the following people best exemplifies moral courage? A. someone who supports an atheist student at a religious school B. someone who intervenes in a domestic dispute C. someone who is learning how to walk again after being injured in a car accident D. someone who joined the military after 9/11 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following best exemplifies vital courage? A. a politician invested in a “greater good” places an unpopular vote B. a firefighter saving a child from a burning building C. a child with a heart transplant undergoing extensive treatment D. a soldier standing his ground in a battle Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 43. What was the basis of Jack Rachman’s research on courage? A. courageous acts always take place in public Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 B. courage is the mirror image of fear C. courageous acts require a certain level of physical danger D. courage increases as people get older Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Which type of courage can be considered the “equal opportunity” form of courage that doesn’t require special training? A. physical B. vital C. psychological D. moral Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 45. What did the “Hemingway code” suggest as a code of conduct for Americans? A. strength, knowledge, and courage B. courage, wisdom, and valor C. knowledge, wisdom, and strength D. valor, strength, and knowledge Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 46. According to Shelp, the necessary components of courage are freedom of choice, fear of a situation, and ______. A. competence B. feeling empathetic C. willingness to take risk D. disregard for one’s own well-being Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 47. The stories in Jerome Groopman’s The Anatomy of Hope were examples of what type of courage? A. physical B. vital C. moral D. psychological Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 48. How did Putman define psychological courage? A. helping friends and family flourish B. the ability to cope with the tragedies of life C. the wisdom to manage life’s difficulties D. strength in facing one’s destructive habits Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What is the difference between civil courage and altruism? A. Acts of civil courage are more likely to involve risking physical harm. B. Altruism is characterized by a feeling of empathy, but civil courage is motivated by feeling of moral obligation. C. Altruistic acts are more likely to involve risking physical harm. D. Altruism is characterized by a desire to help another person, whereas civil courage is motivated by a desire to maintain peace and order. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Hard 50. According to Szagun and Schauble, how do children’s perceptions of courage change with age? A. Younger children focus more on psychological risk as a requirement for courage. B. There are no age differences in how children perceive and describe courage. C. Older children equate courage with physical risk-taking. D. The tendency to equate courage with the experience of fear increases with age. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Medium 51. What do older children focus on as being necessary for courage? A. physical strength B. psychological risk-taking C. fearlessness D. moral outrage Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Medium 52. After studying participants in Milgram’s study on obedience, what can be concluded about being reminded about failing to act courageously in previous circumstances? A. It can lead to self-doubt and related emotions. B. It might lead to overzealousness in trying to be courageous. C. It may be harmful, depending on the outcome of not acting courageously. D. It can help bolster one’s determination to act courageously. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Hard 53. Miep Gies, who helps to hide Anne Frank and her family, exemplified vital courage and considered her actions to be a ______. A. duty B. choice C. reaction D. option Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Easy 54. According to Haase, what determines how people become courageous? A. Some people are “born heroes.” B. It is genetically determined. C. It develops through attitudes and methods of coping. D. It can only develop from physical dangers or illnesses. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Medium 55. According to Hannah and colleagues, how is the “courageous mindset” developed? A. observing courageous models B. exhibiting courageous behaviors C. having high emotional intelligence D. talking about courage Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Which statement most accurately describes the state of self-report measures of courage? Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Numerous psychometrically valid measures of courage have been developed, all of which have empirical support. B. No self-report measures of courage have been developed. C. The only measure of courage is the Values in Action scale developed by Peterson and Seligman. D. The development of measures of courage is in its early stages because of the lack of a comprehensive theory of courage. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Hard 57. Which measure of courage measures how participants would act courageously in several specific contexts, such as for their job or for patriotic reasons? A. Woodard-Pury Courage Scale (WPCS-23) B. the Situational Courage Assessment C. Courage Measure For Children D. Social Courage Survey (SCS) Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Medium 58. According to Rachman, what is the relationship between courage and fearlessness? A. Courage and fearlessness are synonymous. B. Courage is objective and fearlessness is subjective. C. Courage is the willingness to approach an object despite being fearful. D. Courage is a cognitive trait and fearlessness is an emotional trait. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relationships Between Fear and Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Which of the following is a characteristic that is negatively correlated with the construct of courage? A. extroversion B. anxiety C. agreeableness D. openness Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Benefits of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 60. What is the adaptive value of wisdom according to Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990)? Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. Wisdom results from an ideal combination of security and danger during the adolescent years. B. Wisdom is a requirement for the development of courage. C. Intelligence only results from wisdom. D. Through wisdom we make good choices when challenged by the social and physical world. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Value of Wisdom and Courage Difficulty Level: Medium TRUE/FALSE 1. A Greek term for wisdom, phronesis, refers to using wisdom in a practical sense. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The affective dimension of wisdom has been shown to be a part of the cognitive dimension of wisdom. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Erikson views wisdom as part of the development process. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 4. When determining the quality of wisdom, Piaget would challenge people to resolve real-life problems. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Wisdom grows as people learn to solve problems in a flexible manner. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developing Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Wise people tend to score lower in ratings of life satisfaction. Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Easy 7. People who viewed stressful experiences as “turning points” showed higher wisdom than those who did not. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Wise individuals have been shown to have a lower sense of humility. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Benefits of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Cicero included the characteristic of patience in his description of courage. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Peterson and Seligman described courage with three types: physical, moral, and vital. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Civil courage refers to enforcing societal or ethical norms without considering one’s own social costs. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The Milgram study demonstrated that people are willing to act courageously even when they are uncertain. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Medium Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 13. Measures of courage are not common, in large part due to the lack of a comprehensive theory of courage. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Measurement of Courage Difficulty Level: Easy 14. People who regularly engage in courageous acts respond in physiologically similar ways to those who do not act with courage. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relationships Between Fear and Courage Difficulty Level: Medium 15. As a result of the number of hate crimes committed against them, LGBTQ individuals may act courageously out of necessity. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courage and Culture Difficulty Level: Medium ESSAY 1. Compare implicit and explicit theories of wisdom. Ans: Varies. Students should use an implicit theory created by Clayton, Sternberg, Baltes, or another theorist or theoretical perspective. Students should use an explicit theory created by Piaget, Erikson, Sternberg, Baltes, or another theorist or theoretical perspective. Students should describe each theory and compare their details. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Explicit Theories of Wisdom Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe whether you are wise by applying the characteristics found in wise people. Ans: Varies. Students should describe whether they have similar characteristics to those found in wise people. Characteristics are numerous and include, but are not limited to gender differences in the type of wisdom, reacting positively to adverse life experiences, greater life satisfaction, and age. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Wise People and Their Characteristics Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain the differences in physical, moral, and vital courage. Ans: Varies but should be similar to the following descriptions. Physical courage involves expressing a physical behavior that is grounded in socially valued goals in an attempt to uphold what is viewed as societal good. Moral courage is the expression of an authentic behavior while facing discomfort of dissension, disapproval, or rejection. Lopez, Positive Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Vital courage refers to the persevering through a disease or disability even when the outcome is ambiguous. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Implicit Theories of Courage Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe how children vary in their views on fear’s influence on courageousness. Ans: Students should explain that some children’s views on how fear influences differ by age. Students should point out that children initially view courage as acting with fearlessness, and then view it as overcoming fear. Students should explain that other children did not consider fear in their descriptions of courage, and older children viewed that fear as a necessary component of courage. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Becoming and Being Courageous Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Discuss how courage can be conceptualized differently across cultures. Ans: Varies. Students should discuss the conceptualization of courage using examples of cultural differences. For instance, an example may include speaking up in Western cultures or keeping a personal opinion quiet in some Eastern cultures or how courage is manifested in the LGBTQ community. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Courage and Culture Difficulty Level: Hard [Show Less]