1. A mother tells the nurse that she is discontinuing breastfeeding her 5-month-old
infant. What should the nurse recommend to be used as substitute for
... [Show More] the breastmilk?
a. Skim milk
b. Whole cow's milk
c. Commercial iron-fortified formula
d. Commercial formula without iron - ANS: C
For children younger than 1 year, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the
use of breast milk. If breastfeeding has been discontinued, iron-fortified commercial
formula should be used. Cow's milk should not be used in children younger than 12
months. Maternal iron stores are almost depleted by this age; the iron-fortified formula
will help prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia.
1. In teaching parents about appropriate pacifier selection, the nurse should explain that
a pacifier should have which characteristics? (Select all that apply.)
a. Easily grasped handle
b. One-piece construction
c. Ribbon or string to secure to clothing
d. Soft, pliable material
e. Sturdy, flexible material - ANS: A, B, E
A good pacifier should be easily grasped by the infant. One-piece construction is
necessary to avoid having the nipple and guard separate. The material should be sturdy
and flexible. An attached ribbon or string and soft, pliable material are not
characteristics of a good pacifier.
1. Which statement accurately describes an event associated with an infant's physical
development?
a. Anterior fontanel closes by age 6 to 10 months.
b. Binocularity is well established by age 8 months.
c. Birth weight doubles by age 5 months and triples by age 1 year.
d. Maternal iron stores persist during the first 12 months of life. - ANS: C
Growth is very rapid during the first year of life. The birth weight approximately doubles
by age 5 to 6 months and triples by age 1 year. The anterior fontanel closes at age 12
to 18 months. Binocularity is not established until age 15 months. Maternal iron stores
are usually depleted by age 6 months.
10. By what age should the nurse expect that an infant will be able to pull to a standing
position?
a. 6 months
b. 8 months
c. 9 months
d. 11 to 12 months - ANS: C
Most infants can pull themselves to a standing position at age 9 months. Any infant who
cannot pull to a standing position by age 11 to 12 months should be referred for further
evaluation for developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH). At 6 months, the infant has
just obtained coordination of arms and legs. By age 8 months, infants can bear full
weight on their legs.
11. According to Piaget, the 6-month-old infant would be in what stage of the
sensorimotor phase?
a. Use of reflexes
b. Primary circular reactions
c. Secondary circular reactions
d. Coordination of secondary schemata - ANS: C
Infants are usually in the secondary circular reaction stage from age 4 months to 8
months. This stage is characterized by a continuation of the primary circular reaction for
the response that results. For example, shaking of a rattle is performed to hear the
noise of the rattle, not just for shaking. The use of reflexes is primarily during the first
month of life. The primary circular reaction stage marks the replacement of reflexes with
voluntary acts. The infant is in this stage from age 1 month to 4 months. The fourth
sensorimotor stage is coordination of secondary schemata. This is a transitional stage
in which increasing motor skills enable greater exploration of the environment.
12. Which behavior indicates that an infant has developed object permanence?
a. Recognizes familiar face such as the mother
b. Recognizes familiar object such as a bottle
c. Actively searches for a hidden object
d. Secures objects by pulling on a string - ANS: C
During the first 6 months of life, infants believe that objects exist only as long as they
can see them. When infants search for an object that is out of sight, this signals the
attainment of object permanence, whereby an infant knows that an object exists even
when it is not visible. Between ages 8 and 12 weeks, infants begin to respond
differentially to their mothers. They cry, smile, vocalize, and show distinct preference for
their mothers. This preference is one of the stages that influence the attachment
process, but it is too early for object permanence. Recognizing familiar objects is an
important transition for the infant, but it does not signal object permanence. The ability
to understand cause and effect, such as pulling on a string to secure an object, is part of
secondary schema development.
13. A parent asks the nurse "At what age do most babies begin to fear strangers?" The [Show Less]