E. Smog Production
1) Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT
A) infection.
B) decomposition of organic material.
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C) O2 production.
D) food production.
E) smog production.
D. Mushroom
2) Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT
A) yeast.
B) protozoan.
C) bacterium.
D) mushroom.
E) virus.
D. Pathogen
3) The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is
A) microbe.
B) bacterium.
C) virus.
D) pathogen.
E) infection.
E. riboflavin, acetone and insulin
4) Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of
A) riboflavin.
B) acetone.
C) insulin.
D) aspirin.
E) riboflavin, acetone and insulin.
A. enzymes
5) Commercial utilization of microbial products has become increasingly popular due to their environmentally friendly nature. Production of these products which are readily degraded and, thus, non-toxic typically utilizes
A) enzymes.
B) organic acids.
C) organic solvents.
D) soap.
E) alcohol.
D. Carolus Linnaeus
6) The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by
A) Robert Koch.
B) Ignaz Semmelweis.
C) Aristotle.
D) Carolus Linnaeus.
E) Louis Pasteur.
Trichoderma fungus
Enzymes used to soften and fade denim by digesting some of the cellulose in cotton
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Cotton production:
Mushroom peroxidase
Bleaching method safer than chlorine and can be easily removed from fabric and wastewater by enzymes
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas putida a gene from the soil bacterium that converts the bacterial by product indole to indigo when this bacteria is added.
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
use to make plastic
C. species
7) In the name Staphylococcus aureus, aureus is the
A) genus.
B) domain name.
C) species.
D) kingdom.
E) family name.
B. a nucleus
8) A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT
A) flagella.
B) a nucleus.
C) ribosomes.
D) a cell wall.
E) a cell membrane.
A. organelles
9) Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses?
A) organelles
B) nucleic acid
C) envelope
D) chemical reactions
E) protein coat
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
"Prenucleus"
Single-celled
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Divide via binary fission
Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
Archaea (ar-KE-ah)
Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan cell walls
Often live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Distinct nucleus
Chitin cell walls
Absorb organic chemicals for energy
Yeasts are unicellular
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular
Molds consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Protozoa
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)
Algae
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce oxygen and carbohydrates
Viruses
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Are replicated only when they are in a living
host cell
Inert outside living hosts
Multicellular Animal Parasites
Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Not strictly microorganisms
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths
Some microscopic stages in their life cycles
Developed by Carl Woese
Three domains based on cellular organization
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
A. bacillus
The bacterial shape of the cells in the scanning electron micrograph shown in Figure 1.1 would best be described as
E. cilia, flagella and psuedopods
11) Protozoan motility structures include
A) cilia.
B) flagella.
C) pseudopods.
D) cilia and pseudopods only.
E) cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.
A. cannot reproduce by themselves
12) Viruses are not considered living organisms because they
A) cannot reproduce by themselves.
B) are structurally very simple.
C) can only be visualized using an electron microscope.
D) are typically associated with disease.
E) are ubiquitous in nature.
A. virus
13) The infectious agent that causes AIDS is a
A) virus.
B) bacterium.
C) yeast.
D) protozoan.
E) mold.
A. animalia
14) Which of the following is NOT a domain in the three-domain system?
A) animalia
B) archaea
C) bacteria
D) eukarya
C. cellular organization
15) Classification of organisms into three domains is based on
A) the presence of a cell wall.
B) the number of cells in the organism.
C) cellular organization.
D) nutritional requirements.
E) cellular proteins.
A. have diverse cell wall compositions
16) Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea
A) have diverse cell wall compositions.
B) lack nuclei.
C) use organic compounds for food.
D) reproduce by binary fission.
E) are prokaryotic
A. Robert Hooke
17) Who is credited with first observing cells?
A) Robert Hooke
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Carolus Linnaeus
Answer: A
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
18) Who is credited with first observing microorganisms?
A) Robert Hooke
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Carolus Linnaeus
B. development of life forms from preexisting life forms
19) Biogenesis refers to the
A) spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter.
B) development of life forms from preexisting life forms.
C) development of aseptic technique.
D) germ theory of disease.
Rudolf Virchow
Challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis
D. using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
20) If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment?
A) supplying the liquid with nutrients
B) starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms
C) adding antibiotics to the liquid
D) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
E) adding carbon dioxide to the liquid
A. Louis Pasteur
21) The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by
A) Louis Pasteur.
B) Francesco Redi.
C) Rudolf Virchow.
D) John Needham.
E) Lazzaro Spallanzani
E all of the answer choices are correct
22) Regarding Louis Pasteurs experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Air exchange was involved.
B) A food source was provided.
C) The possibility of contamination was removed.
D) All preexisting microorganisms were killed.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.
A. fermentation
23) The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as
A) fermentation.
B) pasteurization.
C) tyndallization.
D) lyophilization.
E) alcoholism.
C. Koch
24) Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by
A) Pasteur.
B) Lister.
C) Koch.
D) Wasserman.
E) Semmelweis.
Spontaneous generation
The hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a "vital force" is necessary for life
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks; no microbial growth - proving biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air used S-shaped flasks
Keep microbes out but let air in
Broth in flasks showed no signs of life
Neck of flask traps microbes
Microorganisms originate in air or fluids, not mystical forces
Bend prevented microbes from entering flask
Where were microbes not present in the flask
Pasteurization
The application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
A. Lister
25) The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by
A) Lister.
B) Semmelweis.
C) Pasteur.
D) Holmes.
E) Koch.
E. molds, yeast and mushrooms
26) Mycology is the study of
A) mycoplasma.
B) mushrooms.
C) protozoa.
D) molds.
E) molds, yeast, and mushrooms.
C. obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a disease animal
27) The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Kochs postulates is to
A) culture the blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal using nutrient medium.
B) inject a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal into a healthy animal.
C) obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal.
D) compare the blood of a sick animal to blood obtained from a healthy animal.
E) isolate microbes from the blood of healthy animals.
A. determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission
28) In which of the following situations would Kochs postulates be utilized?
A) determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission
B) development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C) determination of the cause of cancer in a patient
D) formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E) whenever the scientific method is used to investigate a microbiological problem
Answer: A
Ignaz Semmelweis
Advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another
Robert Koch
Discovered that a bacterium
causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
Koch's postulates
Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
Edward Jenner
Inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then immune from smallpox
Vaccination is derived from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow [Show Less]