Chamberlain College of Nursing - MICROBIO 242N Midterm Study Guide. A+ Rated. Use these key concepts to guide your studies, but keep in mind that
... [Show More] everything in the chapters we
have covered so far is fair game for your midterm exam.
Week 1 (Chapters 1, 3, 11)
Be able to list and describe the contributions of the scientists discussed in the chapter
o Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Made the first microscope
Discovered the microscopic word
Noticed small animals, fungi, algae, and single protozoa when
looking at water
o Carolus Linnaeus developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals
and group similar organisms together.
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi * Leeuwenhoek did not see virus
Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals
o Redi’s experiment (no spontaneous generation)
His experiments demonstrated when decaying meat was kept isolated from
flies maggots would never develop
When meat was exposed, maggots would appear
Many people say this a doubted Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous
generation
o Needham’s experiment(Spontaneous generation)
Boiled beef gravy and infused plat material in vials and tightly sealed with
corks
Some days later he observed the vials were cloudy and examination
revealed an abundance of microbial animals
o Spallanzani’s Experiment
Boiled infusion for almost an hour and sealed by melting necks closed
Infusion remain clear, unless the seal was broken and air was let in
If air was let in infusion become cloudy
People argued that there was no air for organisms to thrive
o Pasteur(no spontaneous generation)
Preformed experiments with swan-necked flasks and boiled infusion long
enough to kill everything
The infusion allowed air to come in, but not micros
When the flask remained upright the dust would settle in the bend and the
infusion remained clear.
If the flask was tilted then the dust would get in and the infusion would
become cloudy
o Pasteur (fermentation)
First he observed yeast
Found out that yeast can grow with or without O2
Discovered yeast with grape juice produced alcohol
Bacteria with grape juice produced acid
All is experiments led to the development of pasteurization
He began the field of industrials microbiology
Intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products
o Buchner’s experiments
Demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells
Showed enzymes promote chemical reactions
Began biochemistry
o Jenner
Created the
o Koch’s Postulates
1. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and
be absent from healthy hosts.
2. Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get
the disease.
4. Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
Basic characteristics of Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Bacteria, Archaea
o Fungi
Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus)
Obtain food from other organisms
Possess cell walls
Include:
Molds—multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual
and asexual spores
Yeasts—unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce
sexual spores
-Saccharomyces cerevisiae used industrially to produce bread
and beer
-Some are pathogenic: Candida albicans causes most yeast
infections in women.
o Protozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure
Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
Asexual (mostly) and sexual reproduction
Most are capable of locomotion by:
Pseudopods—cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
Cilia—numerous short protrusions that propel organisms through its
environment
Flagella—extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike
than cilia
o Algae
Unicellular (e.g. diatoms) or multicellular (e.g. seaweeds, kelps)
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive structures
Categorized on the basis of pigmentation and composition of cell wall
Provide food for much of marine life
Produce much of the world’s oxygen.
o Bacteria (prokaryote)
Unicellular and lack nuclei
Much smaller than eukaryotes
Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some in extreme
environments
Reproduce asexually
Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, though some lack cell walls.
Huge impact on the human immune system
Degrade dead plants and animals to release nutrients (carbon, phosphorus,
nitrogen, etc) back into the air water and soil.
o Archaea (prokaryote)
Archaeal cell walls are composed of polymers rather than peptidoglycan.
Unicellular and lack nuclei
Much smaller than eukaryotes
Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some in extreme
environments
Reproduce asexually
Huge impact on the human immune system
Degrade dead plants and animals to release nutrients (carbon, phosphorus,
nitrogen, etc) back into the air water and soil
Know the classification and notable facts about the microbes discussed
o Sacchromyces cerevisae
Yeast (is a fugus)
Used for making bread and beer
o Candida albicans
Yeast(is a fungus)
Causes yeast infection in women
o Algae
o Mycobacteria
o Chlamydia [Show Less]