The blood consists of cells and cell fragments, called ______, and water with dissolved molecules, called _______ - ✔✔ formed elements
blood
... [Show More] plasma
Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin to which ____ and _____ attach - ✔✔ O2 and CO2
T/F: mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus and most cellular organelles, thereby maximizing the cell's volume and thus its ability to carry hemoglobin and transport O2 - ✔✔ true
Hemoglobin contains both a protein and nonprotein portion, what are they? - ✔✔ protein portion: globin
nonprotein: heme groups
Globin consists of ____ polypeptide chains, each of which have... - ✔✔ four
each has a heme group
The heme group is a red pigment that contains - ✔✔ a single iron atom surrounded by a ring of nitrogen-containing carbon rings
One oxygen atom attaches to the iron of each heme group, allowing a single hemoglobin molecule to carry - ✔✔ four oxygen atoms
When does oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) form in the lungs? - ✔✔ when erythrocytes are exposed to oxygen as they pass through the lungs
When does deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) form? - ✔✔ when oxygen detaches from the iron and diffuses into surrounding tissues
When does carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) form? - ✔✔ when CO2 attaches to amino acids of the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule
What does carbonic anhydrase do? - ✔✔ Converts CO2 and H2O into H2CO3...carbonic acid, which is eventually broken down bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
About 70 percent of the CO2 collected from tissues travels in erythrocytes as - ✔✔ bicarbonate
Because they lack cellular organelles and thus the physiology to maintain themselves, erythrocytes survive for only about ____ days
What happens to them after? - ✔✔ 120 days
degenerated RBCs are broken down in the spleen and liver by macrophages
White blood cells are aka - ✔✔ leukocytes
Leukocytes are classified into what two groups - ✔✔ granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are the three types of granulocytes - ✔✔ neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
The most numerous of granulocytes is - ✔✔ neutrophils
Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at a site of infection, responding by - ✔✔ chemotaxis - chemicals related by damaged cells
The granules in eosinophils are considered to be - ✔✔ lysosomes
Numbers of eosinophils increase during - ✔✔ parasitic infection and allergic reactions
Basophil granules contain - ✔✔ histamine
serotonin
heparin
Basophils release histamine in response to - ✔✔ tissue damage and to pathogen invasion (as part of the inflammatory response)
What's the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? - ✔✔ granulocytes have visible granules in the cytoplasm and are lobed
agranulocytes are not
The two types of agranulocytes are - ✔✔ lymphocytes and monocytes
_____ are the only leukocytes that return to the bloodstream, circulating among the bloodstream, tissue fluids, tissues, and lymph fluid - ✔✔ lymphocytes
T cell aka (______) mature where and mature when - ✔✔ T lymphocyte
mature in the thymus gland
mature upon exposure to thymosin
Platelets (aka _____) are fragments of - ✔✔ aka thromobcytes
fragments of huge cells called megakaryocytes
When do megakaryocytic fragment? - ✔✔ as they pass from the bone marrow into the bloodstream
What do platelets do? - ✔✔ adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and release enzymes that activate hemostasis -- the stoppage of bleeding
The most common protein in plasma is - ✔✔ albumin
Albumin is produced by the _____ and serves what purpose - ✔✔ produced by the liver
serves to preserve osmotic pressure between blood and tissues
_____ is the liquid material remaining after blood-clotting proteins have been removed from plasma as a result of clotting - ✔✔ serum
________ is the process that produces the formed elements of blood - ✔✔ hemopoiesis aka hematopoiesis
Where does hemopoiesis take place? - ✔✔ in the red bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones
Within the red bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells (________) divide to produce - ✔✔ hemocytoblasts
divide to produce various "blast" cells
_____ is the process of making erythrocytes - ✔✔ erythropoiesis
What is the final step of erythropoiesis? - ✔✔ the nucleus is ejected, creating the depression in the center of the cell
______, a hormone produced mostly by the _____, stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes - ✔✔ erythropoietin (EPO)
produced mostly by the kidneys [Show Less]