CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED A+
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All matter are made up of? - ANS-Atoms
What makes up an atom? How is it held together? - ANS-- Protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Protons and neutrons are at the nucleus and the electrons are in orbitals. The opposite charges attract and hold the atom together
What are atoms with a charge? - ANS-- Ions - Cations (+) and anions (-)
What are cations and anions? - ANS-- Cations are electron donors and anions are electron receptors. - Donating and accepting electrons adds to and takes away from the negative charge.
What are covalent bonds? - ANS-- Equal bonds. - Carbon to carbon bonds are the most common form of covalent bonds. Neither of them are strong enough to take an electron from the other. Commonly found in lipids, carbs, proteins, etc.
What are ionic bonds? - ANS-- A bond between a metal ion and a non-metal. - Metal atom donates electron to non-metal.
What are polar covalent bonds? - ANS-- Hybrid of ionic and covalent bonds.
- When there is a partial negative and partial positive charge on the ions. - Water is a good example, oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen
Activation energy? - ANS-- Energy needed to activate or start a reaction. - Enzymes allow for lower activation energy.
Exergonic reaction vs. Endergonic reaction - ANS-Exergonic- breaks bonds and releases energy - Usually spontaneous & catabolic - Reactants have more energy than products
Endergonic- absorb energy and create energy - Not spontaneous & anabolic - Products have more energy than reactants
Enzymes - ANS-- Mostly proteins - Catalyze reactions and speed up the rate of reactions - Lower activation energy with a presence of an enzyme
pH - ANS-- Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration - 1-6 is acidic,7 is neutral, 8-14 is alkaline - Acids release H ions in water - Bases release OH ions in water [Show Less]